Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The Indian National Movement, initially focused on attaining greater political representation within the British Empire, underwent a significant transformation in its vision for independence starting in the 1920s. Early nationalist demands, largely articulated by the Moderates, centered around administrative reforms and increased Indian participation in governance. However, the aftermath of World War I, the Rowlatt Act (1919), and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) catalyzed a shift towards more assertive and comprehensive objectives. This period witnessed the emergence of new ideologies and leaders who broadened the scope of the freedom struggle beyond mere political reforms, incorporating social, economic, and cultural dimensions.
The Early Phase & Emergence of New Objectives (1920s-1930s)
The 1920s marked a turning point. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), led by Mahatma Gandhi, introduced the concept of Swaraj – self-rule – as a central objective. This wasn’t merely political independence but also encompassed economic self-sufficiency and social reform. Gandhi’s emphasis on Swadeshi (promoting local goods) and the rejection of foreign goods aimed at economic independence.
- Social Reform: The movement actively campaigned against untouchability, promoted communal harmony, and advocated for women’s empowerment.
- Economic Justice: Ideas of equitable land distribution, worker rights, and a more just economic system gained prominence.
The Lahore Session & Purna Swaraj (1929-1930)
The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress in 1929, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, formally declared Purna Swaraj (complete independence) as the goal of the Indian National Movement. This signified a decisive break from the earlier demand for dominion status. The declaration reflected a growing disillusionment with British policies and a desire for complete sovereignty.
The Salt Satyagraha (1930), launched by Gandhi, was a direct challenge to British authority and a powerful symbol of the demand for complete independence. It mobilized mass participation and further solidified the objective of Purna Swaraj.
Expanding the Vision: Socialism & Secularism (1930s-1947)
The 1930s witnessed the rise of socialist and communist ideologies within the Congress, influencing the vision of independent India. Leaders like Nehru advocated for a planned economy and social justice. The formation of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in 1934 further emphasized these goals.
- Socialism: The idea of a mixed economy, with state intervention to address inequalities, gained traction.
- Secularism: The growing communal tensions and the Muslim League’s demand for separate electorates led to a greater emphasis on secularism as a core principle of the future Indian nation. The Congress increasingly advocated for a state that would treat all religions equally.
The Quit India Movement (1942), though suppressed, demonstrated the unwavering commitment to complete independence. The post-WWII scenario and the Labour Party’s victory in Britain created a favorable environment for negotiations, ultimately leading to India’s independence in 1947.
Constituent Assembly & Framing of Objectives
The formation of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 provided a platform to translate these evolving objectives into concrete constitutional principles. The debates within the Assembly reflected the diverse visions for independent India, ultimately resulting in a Constitution that enshrined principles of democracy, secularism, social justice, and economic equality.
Conclusion
The addition of new objectives to the vision of Indian independence since the 1920s was a transformative process. It moved beyond mere political freedom to encompass socio-economic justice, secularism, and a commitment to building a modern, equitable nation. This broadened vision, shaped by the contributions of diverse leaders and ideologies, laid the foundation for the India we know today, and continues to guide its development. The emphasis on inclusivity and social welfare remains a defining characteristic of India’s national identity.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.