Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
A tsunami, derived from the Japanese words ‘tsu’ (harbour) and ‘nami’ (wave), represents a series of powerful ocean waves caused by large-scale disturbances. The devastating Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004, which impacted fourteen countries including India, served as a stark reminder of the destructive potential of these natural disasters. This event resulted in over 230,000 fatalities and caused widespread economic disruption. Understanding the factors leading to tsunamis, their consequences, and the preparedness measures outlined by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is crucial for mitigating future risks and building resilient coastal communities.
Factors Responsible for the Occurrence of Tsunamis
Tsunamis are primarily triggered by underwater disturbances that displace large volumes of water. The most common causes include:
- Earthquakes: Subduction zone earthquakes, where one tectonic plate slides beneath another, are the most frequent cause. The 2004 tsunami was generated by a 9.1-9.3 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
- Volcanic Eruptions: Explosive volcanic eruptions, particularly those occurring underwater or causing landslides into the ocean, can generate tsunamis.
- Landslides: Large underwater or coastal landslides can displace water and create tsunamis.
- Meteorite Impacts: While rare, large meteorite impacts into the ocean can also generate tsunamis.
The 2004 tsunami’s magnitude was exacerbated by the length of the fault rupture (approximately 1,200 km) and the vertical displacement of the seafloor.
Effects on Life and Economy
The 2004 tsunami had catastrophic effects on both human life and the economies of affected countries, including India.
- Loss of Life: In India, over 18,000 people lost their lives, primarily in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
- Infrastructure Damage: Coastal infrastructure, including homes, roads, bridges, fishing boats, and power plants, was severely damaged or destroyed.
- Economic Disruption: The fishing industry, a major source of livelihood for coastal communities, was devastated. Tourism also suffered significant setbacks.
- Environmental Impact: Coastal ecosystems, including mangroves, coral reefs, and beaches, were damaged, leading to long-term ecological consequences.
- Psychological Trauma: Survivors experienced significant psychological trauma and displacement.
The economic losses in India were estimated at over $2.3 billion (as of 2005, knowledge cutoff). The tsunami also highlighted the vulnerability of coastal populations and the need for improved disaster preparedness.
Mechanisms for Preparedness to Reduce Risk (NDMA Guidelines, 2010)
The NDMA guidelines (2010) emphasize a multi-pronged approach to tsunami preparedness:
- Early Warning Systems: Establishing and maintaining robust tsunami early warning systems, including seismic sensors, sea-level gauges, and communication networks. India’s Tsunami Early Warning Centre (TEWC) at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) plays a crucial role.
- Hazard Mapping: Identifying and mapping vulnerable coastal areas prone to tsunami inundation.
- Public Awareness and Education: Conducting regular awareness campaigns to educate coastal communities about tsunami risks, warning signs, and evacuation procedures.
- Evacuation Plans: Developing and practicing evacuation plans, including designated evacuation routes and shelters.
- Coastal Zone Management: Implementing sustainable coastal zone management practices, such as mangrove restoration and construction regulations, to reduce vulnerability.
- Capacity Building: Training emergency responders and local authorities in tsunami preparedness and response.
- Inter-agency Coordination: Establishing effective coordination mechanisms between various government agencies, NGOs, and international organizations.
The NDMA guidelines also advocate for regular drills and exercises to test the effectiveness of preparedness measures and identify areas for improvement. The focus is on a ‘people-centric’ approach, empowering communities to take proactive measures to protect themselves.
Conclusion
The 2004 tsunami underscored the devastating consequences of these natural disasters and the critical importance of preparedness. While predicting tsunamis with absolute certainty remains a challenge, advancements in early warning systems, coupled with effective coastal zone management and community-based preparedness initiatives, can significantly reduce the risk to life and property. Continuous investment in these areas, along with ongoing research and international collaboration, is essential for building resilient coastal communities and mitigating the impact of future tsunamis.
Answer Length
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