Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The term ‘Peninsular India’ generally refers to the tableland south of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, demarcated by the Vindhyan and Satpura ranges. However, the geological composition and historical evolution of the Indian landmass reveal a more complex picture. Meghalaya, despite being geographically located in the North-Eastern region, shares significant geological similarities with the Peninsular Shield, leading to its inclusion within the broader Peninsular India framework. This inclusion is further supported by its ancient geological formations and distinct biogeographical characteristics. This answer will justify this inclusion and subsequently detail the vegetation and soil types prevalent in Meghalaya.
Justifying Meghalaya’s Inclusion in Peninsular India
Traditionally, the Peninsular Plateau is defined by ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks dating back to the Precambrian and Paleozoic eras. While the Himalayas are geologically young formations, Meghalaya’s geological foundation largely comprises the Khasi and Garo Hills, formed from ancient granites and gneisses, similar to those found in the Peninsular Shield. These formations are part of the Gondwana landmass, which fragmented to form the present-day continents.
Furthermore, the Deccan Traps, a significant feature of the Peninsular Plateau, extend into parts of Meghalaya, albeit in a limited capacity. The presence of these similar geological structures and the shared history of Gondwanaland support the inclusion of Meghalaya within the Peninsular India context. Historically, the region experienced similar tectonic movements and weathering processes as the rest of the peninsula.
Vegetation Types of Meghalaya
Meghalaya’s vegetation is profoundly influenced by its exceptionally high rainfall, ranging from 11,000 to 14,000 mm annually, and its varied topography. This leads to a diverse range of forest types:
Tropical Evergreen Forests
- Dominant in the southern slopes receiving the highest rainfall.
- Characterized by a multi-layered canopy, dense growth of trees like Dipterocarpus, Hopea, and various species of bamboo.
- High biodiversity, including orchids, ferns, and epiphytes.
Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests
- Found in areas with slightly less rainfall than the evergreen forests.
- A mix of evergreen and deciduous trees, including Tectona grandis (Teak) and Shorea robusta (Sal).
- More open canopy compared to evergreen forests.
Subtropical Broadleaved Hill Forests
- Occur at higher elevations (above 1500m) in the Khasi and Garo Hills.
- Dominated by broad-leaved trees like oak, maple, and rhododendron.
- Often covered in mosses and lichens due to high humidity.
Tropical Grasslands and Savannas
- Found in the plateau regions and along river valleys.
- Dominated by grasses and scattered trees.
- Often a result of deforestation and shifting cultivation (Jhum cultivation).
Soil Types of Meghalaya
The soil types in Meghalaya are closely linked to the parent rock, climate, and vegetation. The major soil types are:
Red and Yellow Soils
- Most widespread soil type, derived from the weathering of crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
- Rich in iron oxides, giving them a reddish or yellowish hue.
- Generally deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, and humus.
- Suitable for growing tea, rubber, and arecanut.
Lateritic Soils
- Found in areas with high rainfall and alternating wet and dry periods.
- Highly leached and acidic, with a coarse texture.
- Rich in iron and aluminum oxides.
- Poor in fertility and require extensive fertilization for agriculture.
Alluvial Soils
- Found along river valleys and floodplains.
- Highly fertile and well-drained.
- Composed of silt, sand, and clay deposited by rivers.
- Ideal for rice cultivation.
Skeletal Soils
- Found on steep slopes and rocky outcrops.
- Shallow and infertile, with a thin layer of topsoil.
- Limited agricultural potential.
| Soil Type | Parent Rock | Fertility | Major Crops |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red & Yellow | Crystalline & Metamorphic | Low to Moderate | Tea, Rubber, Arecanut |
| Lateritic | High Rainfall Areas | Very Low | Cashew, Coconut |
| Alluvial | River Deposits | High | Rice, Jute |
Conclusion
Meghalaya’s inclusion within the Peninsular India framework is justified by its shared geological history and the presence of similar rock formations. The state’s unique climatic conditions, particularly its exceptionally high rainfall, have resulted in a diverse range of vegetation types, from tropical evergreen forests to subtropical broadleaved hill forests. The soil types, ranging from red and yellow soils to lateritic and alluvial soils, are closely linked to the parent rock and climate, influencing agricultural practices and land use patterns. Understanding these geographical characteristics is crucial for sustainable development and resource management in the region.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.