Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
India’s diverse landscape is broadly divided into the Peninsular and Extra-Peninsular regions, each possessing distinct geological and geomorphological features shaped by vastly different tectonic histories. The Peninsular region, comprising the Deccan Plateau and its surrounding areas, represents the oldest part of India, formed primarily from ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. In contrast, the Extra-Peninsular region, encompassing the Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Plain, and the coastal strips, is geologically younger and characterized by sedimentary and alluvial deposits. Understanding the differences between these two regions is crucial for comprehending India’s resource distribution, climate patterns, and overall geographical character.
Geological and Geomorphological Features: A Comparative Analysis
The Peninsular and Extra-Peninsular regions of India exhibit significant differences in their geological composition, landform development, and structural features. These differences are a direct result of their distinct geological histories and tectonic settings.
1. Geological Composition & Rock Types
The Peninsular region is predominantly composed of ancient crystalline, igneous, and metamorphic rocks dating back to the Precambrian and Paleozoic eras. These include granite, gneiss, schist, quartzite, and dolerite. The Extra-Peninsular region, however, is characterized by younger sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The Himalayas are formed of folded and faulted sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, while the Indo-Gangetic Plain consists of thick alluvial deposits brought down by the Himalayan rivers. The coastal regions are characterized by sedimentary rocks like sandstone, shale, and limestone.
2. Structural Features
The Peninsular region exhibits stable tectonic settings with limited seismic activity. It is characterized by broad, flat-topped plateaus, dissected by river valleys. The prominent structural features include shield areas, rift valleys (like the Narmada and Tapi rift valleys), and block mountains. The Extra-Peninsular region, particularly the Himalayas, is a highly active seismic zone due to ongoing tectonic movements. The Himalayas are characterized by complex folded and faulted structures, while the Indo-Gangetic Plain is a vast synclinal basin.
3. Landforms & Geomorphology
The Peninsular region’s landforms are generally older and more subdued. It features plateaus, hills, and river valleys. The Deccan Plateau is a major landform, flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats. Residual hills and plateaus are common. The Extra-Peninsular region displays a greater diversity of landforms. The Himalayas exhibit high mountains, deep valleys, and glaciers. The Indo-Gangetic Plain is a flat, fertile alluvial plain, while the coastal regions feature beaches, lagoons, deltas, and estuaries.
4. Drainage Systems
The Peninsular rivers are generally older and mature, flowing through well-established valleys. They are rain-fed and have relatively stable courses. Examples include the Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, and Narmada. The Extra-Peninsular rivers, particularly those originating from the Himalayas, are younger and perennial, fed by snowmelt and rainfall. They are characterized by braided channels, meanders, and extensive floodplains. Examples include the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra.
The following table summarizes the key differences:
| Feature | Peninsular Region | Extra-Peninsular Region |
|---|---|---|
| Geological Age | Ancient (Precambrian to Paleozoic) | Younger (Tertiary to Quaternary) |
| Rock Types | Crystalline, Igneous, Metamorphic (Granite, Gneiss) | Sedimentary, Metamorphic, Alluvial (Sandstone, Shale, Alluvium) |
| Tectonic Activity | Stable | Active (especially Himalayas) |
| Landforms | Plateaus, Hills, River Valleys | Mountains, Plains, Deltas, Coastal Features |
| Drainage | Rain-fed, Mature Rivers | Perennial, Snow-fed Rivers |
Impact on Resource Distribution
These geological and geomorphological differences significantly influence resource distribution. The Peninsular region is rich in mineral resources like iron ore, manganese, coal, and bauxite, due to its ancient geological formations. The Extra-Peninsular region, particularly the Himalayas, is a source of forest resources, hydropower, and tourism potential. The fertile Indo-Gangetic Plain is the agricultural heartland of India.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Peninsular and Extra-Peninsular regions of India represent contrasting geological and geomorphological realms. The Peninsular region, with its ancient rocks and stable structure, is characterized by plateaus and mineral wealth. The Extra-Peninsular region, shaped by younger formations and active tectonics, boasts diverse landforms and abundant water resources. Recognizing these fundamental differences is essential for effective regional planning, resource management, and sustainable development across India. Further research into the impact of climate change on these regions is also crucial for long-term resilience.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.