UPSC MainsMEDICAL-SCIENCE-PAPER-II20173 Marks
Q20.

A 4-year-old child presents with stunted growth and moderate pallor. The child had history of intermittent diarrhoea. Mention the differential diagnosis.

How to Approach

This question requires a systematic approach to differential diagnosis. We need to consider conditions causing both stunted growth and pallor, keeping in mind the history of intermittent diarrhea. The answer should categorize potential causes (nutritional, infectious, hematological, and less common causes), outlining key features differentiating each. A structured response, listing possibilities with brief explanations, is ideal. Focus on common pediatric conditions first.

Model Answer

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Introduction

Stunting, defined as low height-for-age, and pallor, indicative of anemia, are common findings in pediatric practice, particularly in resource-limited settings. Intermittent diarrhea exacerbates these issues by impairing nutrient absorption and potentially leading to blood loss. A 4-year-old presenting with these symptoms necessitates a broad differential diagnosis, encompassing nutritional deficiencies, infections, hematological disorders, and, less frequently, chronic systemic illnesses. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for targeted intervention and improved outcomes.

Differential Diagnosis

The following is a categorized differential diagnosis for a 4-year-old child presenting with stunted growth, moderate pallor, and a history of intermittent diarrhea:

1. Nutritional Deficiencies

  • Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA): The most common cause of pallor and can contribute to growth retardation. Diarrhea exacerbates iron loss and impairs absorption.
  • Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM): Can manifest as stunting and anemia. Kwashiorkor (severe protein deficiency) and Marasmus (severe calorie deficiency) are forms of PEM.
  • Vitamin A Deficiency: Impairs growth and immune function, increasing susceptibility to infections and diarrhea.
  • Zinc Deficiency: Contributes to growth retardation, impaired immunity, and increased risk of diarrhea.

2. Infectious Causes

  • Chronic Diarrheal Diseases: Persistent or recurrent diarrhea leads to malabsorption and nutrient losses, causing both stunting and anemia. Examples include Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, and prolonged bacterial infections.
  • Intestinal Parasitic Infections: Hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, and Ascaris lumbricoides can cause blood loss leading to anemia and impair nutrient absorption, contributing to stunting.
  • Chronic Infections: Conditions like Tuberculosis (TB) or HIV can cause growth failure and anemia.

3. Hematological Disorders

  • Thalassemia Minor: A genetic blood disorder causing mild anemia. May present with growth delay.
  • Sickle Cell Anemia: Can cause chronic anemia and growth retardation, although typically presents with more acute symptoms.
  • Chronic Hemolytic Anemia: Various causes can lead to ongoing red blood cell destruction and anemia.

4. Other Causes (Less Common)

  • Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten, leading to malabsorption and growth failure.
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Conditions like Crohn's disease or Ulcerative Colitis can cause chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, and anemia.
  • Chronic Kidney Disease: Can lead to anemia and growth retardation.
  • Hypothyroidism: Can cause growth delay and, less commonly, anemia.

Diagnostic Approach: Initial investigations should include a complete blood count (CBC) to assess the degree of anemia and red blood cell indices. Stool examination for ova and parasites, and assessment of nutritional status (serum iron, albumin, vitamin levels) are crucial. Further investigations, guided by initial findings, may include hemoglobin electrophoresis, celiac serology, and thyroid function tests.

Condition Key Features Relevant Investigations
Iron Deficiency Anemia Pallor, fatigue, pica, microcytic hypochromic anemia CBC, Serum Iron, Ferritin, TIBC
PEM Growth retardation, muscle wasting, edema (Kwashiorkor), rib prominence (Marasmus) Anthropometric measurements, Albumin, Prealbumin
Intestinal Parasites Diarrhea, abdominal pain, anemia, eosinophilia Stool examination (microscopy, antigen detection)

Conclusion

In conclusion, a 4-year-old child with stunted growth, pallor, and intermittent diarrhea presents a diagnostic challenge requiring a systematic approach. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly iron deficiency and PEM, are the most likely causes, but infectious and hematological disorders must also be considered. A thorough history, physical examination, and targeted investigations are essential to establish an accurate diagnosis and initiate appropriate management. Early intervention is critical to optimize growth and prevent long-term sequelae.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Stunting
Stunting is defined as low height-for-age, reflecting chronic undernutrition during critical growth periods. It is a key indicator of long-term health and development.
Pallor
Pallor refers to an abnormal paleness of the skin, mucous membranes, and conjunctiva, often indicative of anemia or reduced blood flow.

Key Statistics

According to UNICEF data (2023), approximately 22.3% of children under 5 years of age globally are stunted.

Source: UNICEF, Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates, 2023

The World Health Organization estimates that globally, 43% of children under 5 years of age are affected by anemia (2021).

Source: World Health Organization, 2021

Examples

Case of Giardiasis

A 5-year-old child presented with chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and failure to thrive. Stool examination revealed Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Treatment with metronidazole led to resolution of symptoms and improved growth.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the role of breastfeeding in preventing stunting?

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life provides optimal nutrition and immune protection, significantly reducing the risk of stunting. Continued breastfeeding alongside complementary feeding up to two years and beyond is also beneficial.

Topics Covered

MedicinePediatricsNutritionStunted GrowthPallorDiagnosisPediatrics