Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The term ‘tribe’ in the Indian context refers to communities traditionally practicing endogamy, having a distinct language and culture, and residing in geographically isolated areas. Historically, tribal communities were categorized based on administrative convenience and socio-economic conditions. However, recognizing that certain tribal groups faced more severe disadvantages and were on the verge of extinction, the Government of India identified a subset of tribes as ‘Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups’ (PVTGs) in 1975. This categorization aimed to prioritize targeted interventions for their protection and development, acknowledging their unique vulnerabilities and precarious socio-economic status.
Historical Context and Categorization of Tribes
The British colonial administration initially classified tribes based on their degree of ‘civilization’ and administrative control. Post-independence, the Indian Constitution recognized Scheduled Tribes (STs) under Article 366(25), granting them specific safeguards and affirmative action. However, it became evident that within the broader ST category, certain groups were more vulnerable due to factors like pre-agricultural levels of technology, low literacy, and a declining or stagnant population.
Emergence of the PVTG Category
In 1975, the Dhebar Commission, constituted by the Government of India, identified the most vulnerable tribal groups. This led to the formal recognition of PVTGs, initially numbering 22, who required more focused attention than other STs. The criteria for identification were based on a combination of demographic, socio-economic, and health indicators.
Criteria for Identification of PVTGs
The identification of PVTGs is a complex process, and the criteria have evolved over time. The key indicators used include:
- Pre-agricultural level of technology: Groups relying on hunting, gathering, and primitive agriculture.
- Low literacy rate: Significantly lower literacy rates compared to the state/national average.
- Economic backwardness: Dependence on primitive forms of livelihood and limited access to resources.
- Health and nutrition: High incidence of disease, malnutrition, and infant mortality.
- Declining or stagnant population: A trend of population decline or very slow growth.
- Geographical isolation: Residence in remote and inaccessible areas.
Currently, as of February 2024 (knowledge cutoff), there are 75 PVTGs across 18 states in India. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs periodically reviews and updates the list based on these criteria.
Vulnerabilities Faced by PVTGs
PVTGs face a multitude of vulnerabilities that contribute to their precarious situation:
- Land alienation: Loss of traditional land rights due to development projects, encroachment, and flawed land policies.
- Forest rights issues: Restrictions on access to forest resources, impacting their traditional livelihoods.
- Displacement: Forced displacement due to mining, dams, and other infrastructure projects.
- Lack of access to education and healthcare: Limited access to quality education and healthcare facilities.
- Social discrimination and marginalization: Facing social stigma and discrimination from mainstream society.
- Climate change impacts: Increased vulnerability to climate change-related disasters and resource scarcity.
Constitutional Provisions and Government Initiatives
Several constitutional provisions and government initiatives aim to protect and uplift PVTGs:
- Article 244(1) & (2): Provides for Scheduled Areas and their administration.
- The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006: Grants forest rights to eligible STs and other traditional forest dwellers, including PVTGs.
- Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY): Supports tribal communities in value addition and marketing of forest produce.
- Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): Provides quality education to ST students in remote areas.
- Constitutional safeguards: Reservation in education, employment, and political representation.
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs implements various schemes specifically targeted towards PVTGs, focusing on education, health, livelihood, and infrastructure development.
Challenges in Implementation
Despite these initiatives, several challenges hinder the effective implementation of programs for PVTGs:
- Remote and inaccessible locations: Difficulty in reaching PVTG settlements and delivering services.
- Lack of awareness: Limited awareness among PVTGs about their rights and entitlements.
- Administrative bottlenecks: Delays in implementation and coordination between different government departments.
- Inadequate funding: Insufficient allocation of funds for PVTG-specific programs.
- Cultural sensitivity: Need for culturally appropriate interventions that respect their traditional knowledge and practices.
Conclusion
The categorization of PVTGs reflects a crucial recognition of the differentiated vulnerabilities within the broader tribal population. While the identification and targeted interventions are steps in the right direction, sustained efforts are needed to address the systemic challenges faced by these groups. Effective implementation of existing schemes, coupled with a focus on land rights, education, healthcare, and livelihood diversification, is essential for ensuring their socio-economic empowerment and preserving their unique cultural heritage. A holistic and rights-based approach, prioritizing the participation of PVTGs in decision-making processes, is vital for achieving inclusive and sustainable development.
Answer Length
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