Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The Harappan Civilization (c. 3300-1900 BCE), also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, stands out for its remarkably advanced urban planning. Unlike contemporary societies, Harappan cities like Mohenjo-daro and Harappa exhibit a high degree of standardization and organization. This sophisticated town planning, evident in the grid-pattern layouts, elaborate drainage systems, and monumental architecture, reflects a centralized authority and a keen understanding of engineering principles. This answer will briefly outline key aspects of Harappan town planning and its significance.
Grid-Pattern Layout
Harappan cities were meticulously planned on a grid pattern, with streets intersecting at right angles. This orthogonal layout, a hallmark of Harappan urbanism, facilitated efficient land use and a structured environment. The streets were generally wide (9-24 meters), allowing for easy movement of carts and people. For example, Mohenjo-daro's "Lower Town" exemplifies this grid system.
Drainage and Sanitation
Perhaps the most impressive feature of Harappan town planning was their advanced drainage system. Each house was connected to a covered brick-lined drain that carried wastewater to a larger main drain running along the street. This sophisticated system, arguably unparalleled in contemporary civilizations, demonstrates a focus on public health and sanitation. Statistics: Approximately 80% of the houses in Mohenjo-daro were connected to the drainage system (Source: Archaeological Survey of India).
Citadels and Residential Areas
Harappan cities were typically divided into two main areas: the “citadel” and the “lower town.” The citadel, situated on elevated ground, housed public buildings, granaries, and possibly administrative centers. The lower town comprised residential areas, workshops, and markets. This spatial segregation suggests a hierarchical social structure. The Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro, located within the citadel, is a prime example of monumental architecture.
Standardization and Materials
The Harappans demonstrated remarkable standardization in their construction techniques. Bricks were uniformly sized, facilitating efficient building. This uniformity extended to the layout of streets and the design of houses. Example: The use of fired bricks, readily available and durable, was consistent across various sites, highlighting centralized control and resource management.
Possible Decline & Planning
While the reasons for the decline of the Harappan Civilization are debated, some scholars suggest that environmental changes and potentially flawed urban planning contributed. Over-reliance on a single river system and unsustainable resource use might have stressed the environment and impacted the cities’ resilience.
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Grid Pattern | Orthogonal street layout for efficient land use. |
| Drainage System | Sophisticated brick-lined drains connecting houses to main sewers. |
| Citadel | Elevated area housing public buildings and administrative centers. |
| Brick Standardization | Uniform brick size facilitating efficient construction. |
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Harappan town planning represents a remarkable achievement in urban design and engineering. The grid-pattern layout, advanced drainage systems, and standardized construction techniques highlight a sophisticated level of organization and social control. While the civilization eventually declined, its urban planning legacy remains a testament to the ingenuity of the Harappan people and offers valuable insights into early urban societies.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.