UPSC MainsENGLISH-COMPULSORY201810 Marks
Q19.

They cheated each another.

How to Approach

This question tests the understanding of grammatical correctness and the nuances of pronoun usage in English. The approach should involve identifying the error in the original sentence, explaining why it's incorrect, and providing the corrected version with a clear justification. The answer should demonstrate a strong grasp of English grammar rules, specifically regarding reflexive pronouns and their appropriate application. Focus on clarity, conciseness, and grammatical precision.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The sentence "They cheated each another" presents a common grammatical error in English. While seemingly innocuous, the correct phrasing requires a reflexive pronoun to accurately convey the reciprocal nature of the action. Understanding the distinction between 'each other' and 'one another' is crucial for precise communication. This answer will dissect the error, provide the corrected sentence, and explain the grammatical principles involved, demonstrating a command of English language skills essential for effective written communication, particularly in the context of the UPSC examination.

Identifying the Error

The original sentence, "They cheated each another," is grammatically incorrect. The phrase "each another" is an archaic and incorrect form. Modern English usage dictates the use of "each other" or "one another" to express reciprocal actions.

Corrected Sentence and Explanation

The correct sentence is: "They cheated each other."

Here's a breakdown of why this correction is necessary:

  • Reciprocal Pronouns: "Each other" and "one another" are reciprocal pronouns. They are used when the action of a verb is reciprocally applied – meaning each person in a group performs the action to the others.
  • 'Each other' vs. 'One another': While often used interchangeably, "each other" is generally preferred when referring to two individuals, while "one another" is used for three or more. In this case, 'they' implies more than two people, but 'each other' is still acceptable and more common.
  • Reflexive Pronoun Requirement: The verb "cheat" in a reciprocal context requires a reflexive pronoun to indicate that the cheating was done *to* each other. "Each another" doesn't function as a valid reflexive pronoun.

Grammatical Rules Illustrated

The error highlights the importance of understanding pronoun case and function. Reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) are formed by adding "self" to a personal pronoun. They are used when the subject and object of a verb are the same. In this case, the individuals are both the cheaters and the cheated.

Illustrative Examples

  • Correct: The children helped each other with their homework.
  • Correct: The team members supported one another during the competition.
  • Incorrect: They blamed each another for the mistake.
  • Correct: They blamed each other for the mistake.

Historical Context

The use of "each another" was more common in older forms of English, particularly before the 19th century. However, modern English grammar standards have established "each other" and "one another" as the correct forms for expressing reciprocal actions. Adhering to these standards is crucial for clear and effective communication, especially in formal writing like the UPSC Mains examination.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the sentence "They cheated each another" is grammatically incorrect due to the improper use of a reciprocal pronoun. The correct phrasing, "They cheated each other," accurately conveys the reciprocal nature of the action. A strong understanding of pronoun usage, particularly reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, is essential for demonstrating proficiency in English language skills, a critical component of success in the UPSC examination. Maintaining adherence to modern grammatical standards ensures clarity and precision in written communication.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Reciprocal Pronoun
A reciprocal pronoun is used to express a mutual relationship or action between two or more subjects. The most common reciprocal pronouns are "each other" and "one another."
Reflexive Pronoun
A reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of the sentence. It is necessary when the subject and object of a verb are the same. Examples include myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.

Key Statistics

According to a 2022 study by Grammarly, approximately 15% of written communication contains errors related to pronoun usage.

Source: Grammarly Blog (2022)

A 2021 report by Cambridge Assessment English indicated that strong English language skills correlate with a 20% higher success rate in competitive examinations.

Source: Cambridge Assessment English (2021)

Examples

Common Misuse in Formal Writing

Many candidates in competitive exams, including the UPSC, often mistakenly use "each another" in their answers, leading to a deduction of marks for language errors. This highlights the importance of meticulous proofreading.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is there a difference between "each other" and "one another"?

While often interchangeable, "each other" is generally used for two individuals, and "one another" is used for three or more. However, "each other" is frequently accepted even with more than two individuals in contemporary usage.

Topics Covered

Language SkillsEnglishGrammarReciprocal Pronouns