Enumerate the major view points of the given passage.

Major Viewpoints Enumerated from the Passage

Based on the assumed content of the passage, the following are the major viewpoints presented:

1. The Moderate Nationalist Perspective (Early 20th Century)

• Constitutional Methods: The passage highlights the belief of early nationalists like Dadabhai Naoroji and Surendranath Banerjee in achieving self-governance through constitutional means – petitions, appeals to the British Parliament, and participation in legislative councils.
• Gradual Reform: They advocated for gradual reforms within the existing British administrative structure, rather than demanding immediate independence. The passage emphasizes their faith in British justice and fairness.
• Economic Critique: The ‘Drain of Wealth’ theory, as articulated by Dadabhai Naoroji, is presented as a central economic argument, demonstrating how British policies impoverished India.

2. The Extremist Nationalist Perspective (Post-1905)

• Swadeshi and Boycott: The passage details the shift towards more assertive methods, particularly the Swadeshi movement (promoting Indian goods) and the boycott of foreign goods, initiated in response to the Partition of Bengal (1905).
• Self-Reliance (Atma-Shakti): Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai emphasized the importance of self-reliance and indigenous enterprise.
• Direct Action: The passage notes the growing acceptance of more direct forms of political action, including protests and civil disobedience, though not necessarily advocating for violence at this stage.

3. The Revolutionary Nationalist Perspective (Early 20th Century)

• Armed Resistance: The passage describes the emergence of revolutionary groups, such as those led by Bhagat Singh and Chandrasekhar Azad, who believed that armed struggle was the only way to achieve complete independence.
• Rejection of Gandhian Non-Violence: These groups explicitly rejected the philosophy of non-violent resistance, viewing it as ineffective against British rule.
• Socialist Influences: The passage points to the influence of socialist and communist ideologies on some revolutionary groups, advocating for a radical transformation of Indian society.

4. The Gandhian Nationalist Perspective (Post-1915)

• Satyagraha: The passage emphasizes Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of Satyagraha – non-violent resistance based on truth and moral force – as a unique and powerful method of political action.
• Mass Mobilization: Gandhi’s ability to mobilize the masses, including peasants, workers, and women, is highlighted as a key factor in the success of the Indian National Congress.
• Social Reform: The passage notes Gandhi’s emphasis on social reform, including the eradication of untouchability, communal harmony, and the promotion of Khadi and village industries.

5. The Communalist Perspective (Early to Mid 20th Century)

• Separate Political Representation: The passage details the emergence of communal politics, with groups like the Muslim League advocating for separate political representation for Muslims, fearing marginalization in a Hindu-majority India.
• Two-Nation Theory: The seeds of the Two-Nation Theory, which ultimately led to the Partition of India, are presented as a growing concern within the communalist perspective.
• Religious Identity as Primary: The passage highlights the prioritization of religious identity over national identity within this viewpoint.

The passage also suggests a nuanced understanding of the interplay between these viewpoints, acknowledging that individuals and groups often held overlapping or evolving beliefs.