UPSC MainsENGLISH-LITERATURE-PAPER-I201810 Marks150 Words
Q2.

Adam as a Christian hero in Paradise Lost, Book IX

How to Approach

This question requires a nuanced understanding of Milton’s *Paradise Lost* and its theological underpinnings. The approach should focus on analyzing Adam’s character in Book IX, specifically after the Fall, and evaluating whether he embodies qualities of a Christian hero. Key points to cover include his repentance, acceptance of responsibility, faith, and potential for redemption. The structure should involve outlining traditional heroic qualities, then assessing Adam against those standards, acknowledging complexities and ambiguities. Avoid simply summarizing the plot; focus on character analysis.

Model Answer

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Introduction

John Milton’s *Paradise Lost*, an epic poem published in 1667, grapples with the fundamental Christian narrative of the Fall of Man. Book IX is pivotal, detailing the aftermath of Adam and Eve’s transgression and their confrontation with God. While traditionally, heroism is associated with strength, courage, and victory, the Christian concept of heroism often centers on humility, repentance, and faith. This essay will explore whether Adam, post-Fall, can be considered a Christian hero, examining his actions and internal struggles within the framework of Milton’s theological vision and the expectations of a divinely ordained path to redemption.

Adam’s Initial Response: A Fall from Grace?

Initially, Adam’s reaction to Eve’s fall is far from heroic. He prioritizes his relationship with Eve over obedience to God, choosing to share her fate rather than remain righteous alone. This act, while demonstrating love, is also a profound act of disobedience. Milton portrays this as a moment of weakness, a “fond embrace” that seals their doom. However, this initial failure is crucial to understanding his subsequent development.

Repentance and Acceptance of Responsibility

A key element of Christian heroism is repentance, and Adam demonstrates this powerfully. Unlike Eve, who attempts to shift blame, Adam readily accepts responsibility for his actions. He acknowledges his transgression and expresses deep remorse before God. This is evident in his lengthy speech to the angel Michael (Book X), where he doesn’t excuse his behavior but rather laments his lack of fortitude. This self-awareness and willingness to own his mistakes are hallmarks of a reformed character.

Faith and Trust in Divine Providence

Despite his despair, Adam retains a degree of faith in God’s justice and mercy. He doesn’t succumb to utter hopelessness but seeks understanding of God’s plan. He questions Michael about the future, demonstrating a desire to learn and grow from his experience. This isn’t passive acceptance but an active engagement with his fate, seeking to reconcile his fall with God’s overarching purpose. This trust, though tested, remains a vital component of his character.

The Potential for Redemption and a New Kind of Heroism

Milton presents Adam’s fall not as an end but as a beginning. Through suffering and repentance, Adam gains wisdom and a deeper understanding of God’s love. He is promised a future where, through his descendants, redemption will be possible. This future heroism isn’t about preventing the fall but about enduring its consequences and striving for spiritual growth. Adam’s role shifts from a king in paradise to a penitent laborer, a new kind of hero forged in the crucible of adversity.

Contrasting Adam with Traditional Heroes

Traditional epic heroes like Achilles or Odysseus are defined by their physical prowess and worldly achievements. Adam, however, possesses none of these qualities. His heroism is internal, residing in his spiritual struggle and eventual acceptance of God’s will. This represents a deliberate subversion of classical heroic tropes, aligning with Milton’s Christian worldview.

Traditional Hero Christian Hero (Adam)
Strength & Valor Humility & Repentance
Worldly Success Spiritual Growth
Defiance of Fate Acceptance of Divine Will

Ambiguities and Limitations

It’s important to acknowledge that Adam’s heroism is not without its ambiguities. His initial weakness and the lingering presence of human fallibility complicate any straightforward assessment. He is not a perfect hero, but a flawed one, whose journey towards redemption is ongoing. This imperfection, however, makes him a more relatable and ultimately more compelling figure.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while Adam’s initial actions after the Fall are undeniably flawed, his subsequent repentance, acceptance of responsibility, and enduring faith qualify him as a Christian hero. He embodies a new kind of heroism, one rooted in humility, spiritual struggle, and the potential for redemption. Milton’s portrayal challenges traditional heroic ideals, presenting a figure whose strength lies not in preventing the fall, but in navigating its aftermath and striving for a renewed relationship with God. Adam’s journey is a testament to the transformative power of grace and the enduring hope for salvation.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Theodicy
Theodicy is the attempt to reconcile the existence of a benevolent, omnipotent, and omniscient God with the existence of evil and suffering in the world. *Paradise Lost* is, in part, a poetic theodicy, attempting to justify God’s ways to man.
Hubris
Hubris, often translated as excessive pride or arrogance, is a key flaw in many tragic heroes, including, arguably, Adam before the Fall. It represents a defiance of divine authority and a belief in one’s own self-sufficiency.

Key Statistics

The first edition of *Paradise Lost* (1667) was published in ten books; the second edition (1674) was divided into twelve books, mirroring the structure of Virgil’s *Aeneid*.

Source: David Daiches, *Paradise Lost* (1963)

Scholarly articles published on *Paradise Lost* number in the thousands, demonstrating its continued academic significance. (Based on knowledge cutoff 2023, using JSTOR and MLA databases)

Source: JSTOR & MLA Databases (2023)

Examples

The Prodigal Son

The parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32) in the Bible offers a parallel to Adam’s story. Both involve a fall from grace, repentance, and the possibility of forgiveness and restoration.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Eve equally heroic as Adam in Book IX?

While Eve displays remorse, her initial attempts to deflect blame and her focus on her own suffering diminish her heroic qualities compared to Adam’s more complete acceptance of responsibility. However, her role in initiating the dialogue with the serpent and her subsequent vulnerability are also important aspects of her character.

Topics Covered

LiteratureReligious StudiesPoetryMiltonParadise LostChristianityHeroism