Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Wetlands are vital ecosystems providing numerous ecological services, including flood control, water purification, and biodiversity support. They are transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic systems, encompassing marshes, swamps, bogs, and mangroves. Recognizing their global importance, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, provides a framework for the conservation and wise use of these ecosystems. The concept of ‘wise use’ is central to the Convention’s philosophy, aiming to balance human needs with the long-term ecological health of wetlands.
What is a Wetland?
Wetlands are defined as areas saturated or flooded with water for all or part of the year. They are characterized by hydric soils and adapted vegetation. Wetlands are incredibly diverse, including:
- Marshes: Frequently or continuously inundated with water, dominated by herbaceous plants.
- Swamps: Dominated by trees and shrubs.
- Bogs: Acidic, peat-accumulating wetlands.
- Mangroves: Coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical regions.
- Coral Reefs: Though often considered marine, they function as important wetland ecosystems.
They provide crucial ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, shoreline stabilization, and habitat for a wide range of species.
The Ramsar Concept of ‘Wise Use’
The Ramsar Convention’s core principle of ‘wise use’ is not simply preservation, but rather the sustainable management of wetlands for the benefit of both humans and nature. It’s defined as “the characterization and planned utilization of the wetlands’ resources, whether for economic, cultural, scientific, or recreational purposes, but maintaining their ecological character.” This involves:
- Integrated Management: Considering the entire wetland ecosystem and its surrounding landscape.
- Stakeholder Participation: Involving local communities, government agencies, and other stakeholders in decision-making.
- Ecological Character Maintenance: Ensuring that the key ecological functions and processes of the wetland are maintained.
- Sustainable Resource Use: Utilizing wetland resources in a way that does not compromise their long-term viability.
Essentially, ‘wise use’ promotes a balanced approach where wetlands are used for human benefit, but their ecological integrity is preserved for future generations.
Ramsar Sites in India
India is a party to the Ramsar Convention and currently has 54 Ramsar sites, covering an area of 1.76 million hectares (as of November 2023). Two prominent examples are:
- Chilika Lake (Odisha): This brackish water lagoon is Asia’s largest and is a major wintering ground for migratory birds, including the endangered Siberian crane. Its ‘wise use’ involves regulating fishing activities, controlling pollution, and promoting ecotourism.
- Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan): Formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, this man-made wetland is renowned for its avian diversity. Challenges to its ‘wise use’ include water scarcity due to upstream diversions and invasive species. Management focuses on ensuring adequate water supply and controlling invasive plants.
These sites demonstrate the importance of wetland conservation and the application of the ‘wise use’ principle in India.
Conclusion
Wetlands are indispensable ecosystems facing increasing threats from human activities. The Ramsar Convention and its ‘wise use’ principle provide a crucial framework for their conservation and sustainable management. India’s commitment to the Convention, as evidenced by its growing number of Ramsar sites, is a positive step. However, effective implementation of ‘wise use’ requires integrated management, stakeholder participation, and a long-term vision to ensure the ecological health of these vital ecosystems for future generations.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.