UPSC MainsGEOLOGY-PAPER-II201810 Marks
Q15.

Calculate the wt.% of iron in the following minerals, and arrange these minerals in order of increasing iron content. (Atomic weight of Fe = 56, Cr=52, Ti = 48 and O = 16) Ilmenite, magnetite, chromite, hematite.

How to Approach

This question requires a basic understanding of chemical formulas and atomic weights. The approach involves calculating the weight percentage of iron in each mineral using its chemical formula and the provided atomic weights. Subsequently, the minerals should be arranged in ascending order based on their calculated iron content. A clear and organized presentation of the calculations is crucial for securing full marks. The answer should demonstrate precision in calculations and a systematic approach to problem-solving.

Model Answer

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Introduction

Mineralogy, a branch of geology, deals with the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals. Determining the chemical composition of minerals is fundamental to their identification and classification. Iron is a crucial constituent of many economically important minerals, playing a significant role in various geological processes and industrial applications. Calculating the weight percentage of iron in these minerals is a basic yet essential exercise in quantitative mineralogy, providing insights into their economic viability and geological origin. This answer will calculate the wt.% of iron in Ilmenite, Magnetite, Chromite, and Hematite, and arrange them in increasing order of iron content.

Calculating Weight Percentage of Iron in Each Mineral

The weight percentage of an element in a mineral is calculated using the following formula:

Wt.% of Element = ( (Atomic weight of Element * Number of atoms of Element in the formula) / Molecular weight of the mineral ) * 100

1. Ilmenite (FeTiO3)

Molecular weight of FeTiO3 = 56 + 48 + (3 * 16) = 152

Wt.% of Fe = ( (56 * 1) / 152 ) * 100 = 36.84%

2. Magnetite (Fe3O4)

Molecular weight of Fe3O4 = (3 * 56) + (4 * 16) = 236

Wt.% of Fe = ( (56 * 3) / 236 ) * 100 = 71.19%

3. Chromite (FeCr2O4)

Molecular weight of FeCr2O4 = 56 + (2 * 52) + (4 * 16) = 228

Wt.% of Fe = ( (56 * 1) / 228 ) * 100 = 24.56%

4. Hematite (Fe2O3)

Molecular weight of Fe2O3 = (2 * 56) + (3 * 16) = 160

Wt.% of Fe = ( (56 * 2) / 160 ) * 100 = 70.00%

Arranging Minerals in Order of Increasing Iron Content

Based on the calculated weight percentages, the minerals arranged in order of increasing iron content are:

  1. Chromite (24.56%)
  2. Ilmenite (36.84%)
  3. Hematite (70.00%)
  4. Magnetite (71.19%)

The following table summarizes the results:

Mineral Chemical Formula Wt.% of Fe
Chromite FeCr2O4 24.56%
Ilmenite FeTiO3 36.84%
Hematite Fe2O3 70.00%
Magnetite Fe3O4 71.19%

Conclusion

In conclusion, the weight percentage of iron varies significantly among these common iron-bearing minerals. Magnetite exhibits the highest iron content (71.19%), followed closely by Hematite (70.00%), while Chromite has the lowest (24.56%). Understanding these compositional differences is crucial for mineral exploration, beneficiation, and utilization in various industries. Accurate chemical analysis remains a cornerstone of geological investigations and resource management.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Mineralogy
The study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals.
Molecular Weight
The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule.

Key Statistics

India is the 4th largest producer of iron ore in the world, accounting for approximately 8% of global production in 2022.

Source: Ministry of Mines, Annual Report 2022-23

Global iron ore production reached approximately 3.9 billion tonnes in 2023.

Source: World Steel Association, 2024

Examples

Bailadila Iron Ore Mines

The Bailadila iron ore mines in Chhattisgarh, India, are a prime example of large-scale iron ore extraction, primarily hematite and magnetite ores. These mines contribute significantly to India's iron and steel production.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between hematite and magnetite?

Hematite (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is a reddish-brown iron oxide, while magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) is a black iron oxide. Magnetite is strongly magnetic, whereas hematite is only weakly magnetic.

Topics Covered

GeologyMineralogyChemistryMineral ChemistryStoichiometryChemical Formulas