UPSC Mains LAW-PAPER-II 2018

Whether the maxim 'actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea' in general and the Common Law doctrine of 'mens rea' as an independent doctrine in particular are relevant in the interpretation of provisions of the Indian Penal Code? Explain the above in the light of juristic opinions and judicial pronouncements.

Critically examine the development of the law relating to remoteness of damages. Which test do you prefer for deciding the question of remoteness of damages and why? Give reasons for your answer.

In view of the consistent opinion rendered in Aruna Shanbaug case and also considering the socio-legal, medical and constitutional significance of Euthanasia, do you consider that the view expressed by the Constitutional Bench of Supreme Court in Common Cause (A Regd. Society) vs. Union of India (2018) is conclusive? Comment critically.

In the light of the above statement, discuss the nature and scope of law of torts and substantiate your answer with leading case law. Also discuss the position in India.

Right of private defence to the extent of causing death of an assailant cannot be based on the surmises and speculation. The accused must be under a bona fide fear of death or grievous hurt would otherwise be the consequence of the assault, if he does not defend. To determine the existence of apprehension is always a question of fact. Explain the above proposition in the light of existing legal provisions and judicial decisions.

Section 300 (4) of the Indian Penal Code will be applicable in cases where the knowledge of the offender as to the probability of death of a person approximates to practical certainty. Illustrate the above statement.

Explain the maxim 'volenti non fit injuria'. Is the knowledge of risk not the same thing as consent to suffer the risk? Support your answer with judicial pronouncement.

A group of persons decided to act in concert with common intention to commit rape on victim (V). More than one person from the group, in furtherance of common intention, acted in concert in the commission of rape as per pre-arranged plan. One lady member of the group facilitated the commission of such rape by many persons of the group. The essence of liability in such situation being the existence of common intention. Decide the criminal liability of the following members of the group: Who were members of the plan but did not participate in the act

A group of persons decided to act in concert with common intention to commit rape on victim (V). More than one person from the group, in furtherance of common intention, acted in concert in the commission of rape as per pre-arranged plan. One lady member of the group facilitated the commission of such rape by many persons of the group. The essence of liability in such situation being the existence of common intention. Decide the criminal liability of the following members of the group: Who committed rape

A group of persons decided to act in concert with common intention to commit rape on victim (V). More than one person from the group, in furtherance of common intention, acted in concert in the commission of rape as per pre-arranged plan. One lady member of the group facilitated the commission of such rape by many persons of the group. The essence of liability in such situation being the existence of common intention. Decide the criminal liability of the following members of the group: The sole lady member who lend full facilities for the commission of rape

Section 391 and 396 of the Indian Penal Code will be applicable in cases where the knowledge of the offender as to the probability of death of a person approximates to practical certainty. Illustrate the above statement.

Explain it in general and from Indian perspective in particular.

Corruption by public servants has become gigantic problem. Large-scale corruption retards the nation-building activities and everyone has to suffer on their count. The efficiency of public servant would improve only when the public servant does his duty truthfully and honestly. Therefore, in such cases, it is difficult to accept any plea of leniency in sentence (State of MP us. Shambhu Dayal Nagar (2006) 8 SCC 693). Comment.

For fixing criminal liability of a doctor under Section 304-A of the Indian Penal Code, it is necessary to prove that the act complained against the doctor must show such rashness or negligence of such higher degree as to indicate mental state which can be described as totally apathetic towards patient. Such gross negligence alone is punishable. In the light of the latest judicial pronouncement, explain the above statement.

If certain goods are displayed either in a show window or inside the shop and such goods bear price tags, discuss whether such display amounts to an offer to sell. Explain the distinction between offer and invitation to offer with the help of decided cases.

In an action to avoid a contract on the ground of undue influence, the plaintiff has to prove two points. Explain those points and different kinds of relations leading to presumption of undue influence which vitiates free consent.

Section 28 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 makes agreements in restraint of legal proceedings void. Are there any exceptions to this rule? Discuss with the help of relevant provisions and decided cases.

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India, of late, has been used not only to represent the unrepresented and weak but also to advance the interest of others. Comment on the recent trends relating to the application, use and misuse of PIL in India.

In spite of introduction and recognition of Technological Protection Measures (TPMs), the digital copyright continues to be unsafe and unsecured. Explain the impact of the 2012 Amendments to the Copyright Act, 1957 on the protection of digital copyright in India.

It is well-settled that if and when there is frustration, the dissolution of the contract occurs automatically It does not depend on the choice or election of either party. It depends on the effect of what has actually happened on the possibility of performing the contract. Discuss the effects of frustration of contract.

If a person falsely represents that he is an agent of another, the principal may ratify the act even though the same was done without his authority. Discuss, in the light of the above statement, the essentials of valid ratification and its effect.

Sustainable development' has been accepted as a balancing concept between ecology and development. Discuss the recognition and application of this principle under the laws relating to environmental protection in India.