Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
India’s foreign policy has undergone a significant evolution since independence, reflecting changing global dynamics and domestic priorities. Initially rooted in non-alignment during the Cold War, it aimed to maintain strategic autonomy and foster South-South cooperation. While the core principle of autonomy has persisted, the methods and scope of its application have demonstrably changed. The current foreign policy, under the Modi government, is often characterized by a more assertive and pragmatic approach, diverging in several key aspects from the relatively cautious and ideologically driven policies of previous regimes. This shift is evident in India’s enhanced strategic partnerships, economic diplomacy, and a willingness to engage more proactively in global affairs.
Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy: A Historical Overview
India’s foreign policy can be broadly categorized into distinct phases:
- Nehruvian Era (1947-1964): Dominated by non-alignment, anti-colonialism, and a focus on Afro-Asian solidarity. Emphasis on moral leadership and peaceful coexistence.
- Indira Gandhi Era (1966-1977 & 1980-1984): A more pragmatic approach, marked by the 1971 intervention in Bangladesh and closer ties with the Soviet Union.
- Post-Cold War Period (1991-2014): The Rao government initiated economic liberalization and ‘Look East’ policy. The Vajpayee government pursued nuclear tests in 1998, leading to sanctions but also a strategic dialogue with the US.
- Modi Era (2014-Present): Characterized by ‘Neighborhood First’ policy, ‘Act East’ policy, strategic partnerships with major powers (US, Russia, Japan, Australia), and a more assertive stance on issues like counter-terrorism and maritime security.
Qualitative Shifts in Current Foreign Policy
The current regime’s foreign policy demonstrates several significant qualitative shifts:
1. From Non-Alignment to Multi-Alignment
While strategic autonomy remains a guiding principle, the current government has moved away from the strict non-alignment of the past. India now actively cultivates strategic partnerships with multiple major powers, including the US, Russia, Japan, and Australia, as evidenced by the Quad security dialogue. This multi-alignment allows India greater flexibility in navigating a complex geopolitical landscape.
2. Increased Focus on Economic Diplomacy
Economic interests are now more central to India’s foreign policy. The ‘Neighborhood First’ policy prioritizes economic integration with neighboring countries through infrastructure projects and trade agreements. Initiatives like ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ are actively promoted through diplomatic channels to attract foreign investment and enhance India’s economic competitiveness.
3. Proactive Engagement in Global Affairs
Unlike the relatively cautious approach of previous governments, the current regime is more willing to take a proactive stance on global issues. India has played a more assertive role in multilateral forums like the UN, WTO, and G20, advocating for reforms and pushing its own agenda. Its participation in climate change negotiations and its leadership in initiatives like the International Solar Alliance demonstrate this proactive engagement.
4. Enhanced Strategic Partnerships & Security Cooperation
The deepening strategic partnership with the US, including joint military exercises and defense technology cooperation, represents a significant shift. The logistics exchange memorandum of agreement (LEMOA) and the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) with the US are examples of this enhanced security cooperation. Similarly, the strengthening of ties with Japan and Australia through the Quad reflects a shared concern over China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
5. Greater Emphasis on Diaspora Engagement
The Modi government has actively engaged with the Indian diaspora, leveraging their expertise and resources for India’s development. ‘Pravasi Bharatiya Divas’ and other initiatives aim to strengthen ties with the diaspora and promote India’s soft power.
| Feature | Previous Regimes (Pre-2014) | Current Regime (Post-2014) |
|---|---|---|
| Alignment | Strict Non-Alignment | Multi-Alignment |
| Economic Focus | Economic liberalization, Look East | Economic Diplomacy, Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat |
| Global Engagement | Cautious, focus on multilateralism | Proactive, assertive role in global forums |
| Strategic Partnerships | Selective partnerships | Broad-based partnerships (US, Russia, Japan, Australia) |
Conclusion
India’s foreign policy has undeniably undergone significant qualitative shifts under the current regime. While the core principle of strategic autonomy remains, the emphasis on multi-alignment, economic diplomacy, proactive engagement, and enhanced security cooperation marks a departure from the approaches of previous governments. These shifts reflect a changing global landscape and India’s growing economic and strategic weight. However, balancing these new priorities with traditional commitments and navigating the complexities of great power competition will be crucial for India’s continued success on the world stage.
Answer Length
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