Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Sex ratio, defined as the number of females per 1000 males, is a crucial demographic indicator reflecting societal well-being. While a naturally balanced sex ratio hovers around 1050 females per 1000 males, India has historically exhibited a declining trend, particularly in certain states. The question of whether advancements in technology *necessarily* result in a skewed sex ratio is complex. While technology like prenatal sex determination has undoubtedly contributed to the problem, it is not the sole determinant. A confluence of deeply rooted socio-cultural norms, economic pressures, and inadequate enforcement of laws are equally responsible for this demographic imbalance.
Historical Trends and Regional Variations
Historically, a preference for male children has existed in many parts of India, stemming from patriarchal social structures, inheritance laws favoring sons, and the perceived economic contribution of males. However, the skewed sex ratio became significantly pronounced in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, coinciding with the widespread availability of ultrasound technology for sex determination.
Regional variations are stark. States like Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan consistently exhibit lower sex ratios compared to states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This disparity highlights the influence of local cultural norms and the effectiveness of enforcement mechanisms. According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21), the sex ratio at birth in India is 952 females per 1000 males, but this varies significantly across states.
Causative Factors Beyond Technology
Socio-Cultural Factors
- Son Preference: Deeply ingrained patriarchal norms prioritize sons for carrying forward the family lineage, performing last rites, and providing economic security.
- Dowry System: The practice of dowry, prevalent in many parts of India, increases the economic burden associated with raising daughters, contributing to son preference.
- Low Female Literacy & Empowerment: Limited access to education and economic opportunities for women reinforces their subordinate status and contributes to the devaluation of female lives.
Economic Factors
- Agricultural Economies: In agrarian societies, sons are often preferred for their contribution to agricultural labor.
- Economic Uncertainty: During times of economic hardship, families may prioritize sons, believing they are more likely to provide financial support in old age.
Technological Advancements & Illegal Practices
While not the sole cause, the misuse of prenatal sex determination technology is a significant contributor. Despite the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994, illegal sex-selective abortions continue to be prevalent. The accessibility and affordability of ultrasound clinics, coupled with lax enforcement, exacerbate the problem.
Governmental Interventions and Their Effectiveness
The Indian government has implemented several initiatives to address the skewed sex ratio:
- PCPNDT Act, 1994: Aims to prevent sex selection and regulate prenatal diagnostic techniques. However, its implementation has been hampered by weak monitoring and enforcement.
- Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme (2015): Focuses on preventing female foeticide, ensuring girls' education, and empowering women. The scheme has shown some positive results in improving the sex ratio at birth in certain districts.
- Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (2015): A savings scheme encouraging parents to invest in their daughters' future.
Despite these efforts, the impact has been uneven. Effective implementation requires strengthening monitoring mechanisms, raising awareness about the value of daughters, and addressing the underlying socio-economic factors driving son preference.
Global Comparisons
| Country | Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 males) - 2023 est. |
|---|---|
| India | 948 |
| China | 950 |
| United States | 1053 |
| United Kingdom | 1048 |
While China also faces a skewed sex ratio due to similar factors, many developed countries maintain a more balanced ratio, indicating the role of socio-economic development and gender equality in influencing demographic outcomes.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while advancements in sex-determination technology have undoubtedly exacerbated the problem of skewed sex ratios in India, it is not a *necessary* consequence. The issue is deeply rooted in a complex interplay of socio-cultural norms, economic pressures, and inadequate enforcement of existing laws. Addressing this demographic imbalance requires a multi-pronged approach focusing on empowering women, promoting gender equality, strengthening enforcement of the PCPNDT Act, and fostering a societal shift in valuing daughters as much as sons. Sustained and concerted efforts are crucial to achieve a balanced and equitable sex ratio in India.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.