Name the commercial floriculture crops being grown in India. Describe the package of practices of year round cultivation of chrysanthemum in India.

Commercial Floriculture Crops in India

India cultivates a diverse range of floriculture crops, catering to both domestic and international markets. The major commercial crops can be categorized as follows:

• Cut Flowers: Roses (dominant), Chrysanthemums, Carnations, Lilies, Gerbera, Gladiolus, Tuberose, and Jasmine.
• Loose Flowers: Marigold, Calendula, Gomphrena, and Dahlia.
• Potted Plants: Orchids, Ferns, and various ornamental plants.
• Dry Flowers: Gypsohila, Statice, and Strawflower.

The production is concentrated in states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh, benefiting from favorable climate and availability of skilled labor.

Year-Round Cultivation of Chrysanthemums in India

Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium) are highly popular cut flowers and loose flowers, known for their diverse colors and shapes. Year-round cultivation requires careful management of photoperiod and temperature.

1. Climate and Soil

Chrysanthemums thrive in cool, subtropical climates with moderate humidity. Ideal temperatures range from 15°C to 25°C. They require bright sunlight (at least 6 hours daily) but can tolerate partial shade. The soil should be well-drained, loamy, and rich in organic matter, with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Soil testing and amendments are crucial for optimal nutrient availability.

2. Propagation

Chrysanthemums are typically propagated through stem cuttings. Terminal or mid-stem cuttings (5-7 cm long) taken during the vegetative stage are rooted in a rooting medium like sand or vermiculite. Rooting hormone application (e.g., IBA at 500 ppm) promotes root development. Tissue culture is increasingly being used for large-scale, disease-free plant production.

3. Planting

The rooted cuttings are transplanted to the main field after 6-8 weeks. Spacing depends on the variety and growing system (e.g., 30-45 cm apart in rows 60-90 cm apart). Raised beds are preferred for good drainage. The best planting season is usually during monsoon or post-monsoon season, depending on the region.

4. Irrigation

Chrysanthemums require regular irrigation, especially during dry spells. Drip irrigation is highly recommended for efficient water use and to prevent fungal diseases. Frequency depends on soil type and weather conditions, typically 2-3 times a week.

5. Fertilization

A balanced nutrient supply is essential for robust growth and flower production. A typical fertilizer schedule includes basal dose of NPK (20:20:20) followed by top dressing with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium based on soil test recommendations. Micronutrients like zinc, iron, and manganese are also important. Organic manures like compost and vermicompost improve soil fertility and plant health.

6. Photoperiod Control

Chrysanthemums are short-day plants, meaning they initiate flowering when the day length is shorter than a critical threshold (varies with cultivar). To achieve year-round flowering, photoperiod manipulation is essential. This is done by using:

• Shade Cloth: Covering plants with shade cloth for a specific duration each day to extend the night period.
• Blackout Structures: Enclosing plants in structures where natural light is blocked and artificial light is used to control the photoperiod.

7. Pest and Disease Management

Common pests include aphids, thrips, and whiteflies. Control measures include biological control (e.g., ladybugs), insecticidal soaps, and neem oil. Diseases like root rot, leaf spot, and powdery mildew can be prevented by using disease-free planting material, practicing crop rotation, and applying fungicides when necessary. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies are crucial for sustainable production. The ICAR-IIHR (Indian Institute of Horticultural Research) has developed several chrysanthemum varieties resistant to common pests and diseases.

8. Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling

Chrysanthemums are harvested when the petals are fully open but before they start to wilt. Harvesting is typically done in the morning. Stems are recut underwater to prevent air embolism. Flowers are graded, packed in boxes, and transported to markets or export destinations. Pre-treatments like pulsing (dipping in sugar solution) extend vase life.

Case Study: The Floriculture Cluster in Hosur, Tamil Nadu

The Hosur floriculture cluster in Tamil Nadu exemplifies the success of commercial chrysanthemum cultivation. Farmers in this cluster have adopted advanced technologies like drip irrigation, photoperiod control, and integrated pest management. The cluster benefits from proximity to major markets in Bangalore and Chennai, and has established linkages with export houses. The cluster has also benefited from government support through schemes like the National Horticulture Mission.

The Indian floriculture industry, particularly chrysanthemum cultivation, holds immense potential. Year-round production necessitates careful attention to climate, soil, propagation techniques, and photoperiod manipulation. Adoption of advanced technologies and sustainable practices, as demonstrated by clusters like Hosur, is crucial for enhancing productivity and market competitiveness. Government support through schemes like the National Horticulture Mission and research institutions like ICAR-IIHR play a vital role in promoting the growth and development of this sector. Continued investment in research and development will be key to unlocking the full potential of Indian floriculture.