Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Floriculture, the cultivation of flowering plants, is a rapidly growing sector in India, contributing significantly to the agricultural economy and export earnings. With increasing urbanization and a rising disposable income, the demand for cut flowers, potted plants, and floral arrangements is on the rise. India’s favorable climate and availability of skilled labor provide a conducive environment for floriculture. The National Horticulture Board (NHB) actively promotes the sector through various schemes. This answer will first outline the commercially important floriculture crops in India and subsequently detail the package of practices for year-round chrysanthemum cultivation, a key player in the Indian floriculture industry.
Commercial Floriculture Crops in India
India cultivates a wide range of floriculture crops, catering to both domestic and international markets. These can be broadly categorized as follows:
- Cut Flowers: Roses (the most dominant), Chrysanthemums, Carnations, Lilies, Gerbera, Gladiolus, Tuberose, Marigold.
- Potted Plants: Orchids (Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium), Ferns, Begonias, Chrysanthemums (again, versatile!), Anthuriums.
- Loose Flowers: Marigolds, Calendula, Gomphrena, Gaillardia.
- Dry Flowers: Gomphrena, Helichrysum, Statice, Immortalis.
The area under floriculture in India is estimated to be around 0.25 million hectares, with exports contributing significantly to the revenue. The major export destinations include the Netherlands, USA, Malaysia, and Germany. (Source: Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority – APEDA, knowledge cutoff)
Year-Round Cultivation of Chrysanthemums in India: Package of Practices
Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium) are highly popular cut flowers in India, known for their diverse colors, shapes, and long vase life. Year-round cultivation requires careful management and specific techniques.
1. Climate and Soil
Chrysanthemums thrive in cool, sub-tropical climates with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 25°C. They require ample sunlight (6-8 hours daily). Well-drained, fertile loam soils rich in organic matter are ideal. Soil pH should be between 6.0 and 7.0. Heavy clay or sandy soils need amendment with compost and well-rotted manure.
2. Planting Material and Propagation
Chrysanthemums are typically propagated through stem cuttings, root suckers, and tissue culture. Stem cuttings taken from semi-hardened shoots are the most common method. Disease-free planting material is crucial. The National Chrysanthemum Research Centre (NCR Centre) in Pune is a significant source of improved varieties.
3. Planting and Spacing
Planting is usually done in raised beds or containers. Spacing depends on the variety and intended use. For cut flowers, a spacing of 45 cm x 60 cm is recommended. The seedlings are transplanted after they develop sufficient roots.
4. Irrigation
Chrysanthemums require consistent moisture, especially during flowering. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method, ensuring water reaches the root zone directly. Frequency depends on the climate and soil type, typically 2-3 times a week.
5. Fertilization
A balanced fertilizer schedule is vital for healthy growth and abundant flowering. A typical schedule includes basal dose of NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) followed by split doses during vegetative and flowering stages. Micronutrients like iron, zinc, and manganese may also be required, especially in calcareous soils.
6. Pinching and Disbudding
Pinching is a crucial technique to promote bushier plants and multiple stems. It involves removing the terminal bud (growing tip) of the plant. Pinching is typically done 4-6 weeks after transplanting. Disbudding involves removing side buds (laterals) that develop from the axillary buds. This ensures a single, large flower head on each stem, improving the quality of cut flowers. Disbudding is done just before flowering.
7. Pest and Disease Management
Common pests include aphids, thrips, and whiteflies. Diseases include root rot, powdery mildew, and chrysanthemum white rust. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, including biological control agents and chemical pesticides (used judiciously), are recommended. Disease-free planting material and proper sanitation are essential for prevention.
8. Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling
Chrysanthemum flowers are harvested when they are fully open but still firm. Harvesting is usually done in the morning. Stems are recut under water and treated with a floral preservative solution to extend vase life. Proper storage at low temperatures (2-4°C) is essential for maintaining quality.
| Activity | Timing | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Transplanting | 4-6 weeks after seedling development | Establishment of plants in the field |
| First Pinching | 4-6 weeks after transplanting | Promote branching and bushier growth |
| Disbudding | Just before flowering | Ensure single, large flower head |
| Harvesting | When fully open and firm | Obtain high-quality cut flowers |
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Indian floriculture industry holds significant potential, with a diverse range of commercially viable crops. Year-round chrysanthemum cultivation demands meticulous attention to detail, particularly regarding pinching and disbudding techniques. Adoption of sustainable practices, improved varieties, and post-harvest management techniques can further enhance the productivity and profitability of this sector. Government support through schemes like those under the National Horticulture Board and promoting research and development are crucial for the continued growth of the Indian floriculture industry.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.