Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Genetically Modified (GM) crops, also known as biotech crops, are plants whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This technology holds immense promise for addressing food security challenges, particularly in the face of climate change and a growing population. The first commercialization of GM crops occurred in 1996 with varieties of maize, soybean, and cotton. However, their adoption remains controversial, sparking debates regarding environmental impact, human health, and ethical considerations. This answer will explore the merits and limitations of GM crops and briefly outline their application in India.
Merits of Genetically Modified Crops
- Increased Crop Yield: GM crops can be engineered for higher yields per unit area, addressing food security concerns. For example, Bt cotton in India has, at times, shown significant yield increases.
- Pest Resistance: Bt crops, engineered with genes from *Bacillus thuringiensis*, produce insecticidal proteins, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. This lowers input costs and minimizes environmental pollution.
- Herbicide Tolerance: GM crops tolerant to herbicides like glyphosate allow farmers to control weeds effectively, improving yields and simplifying farm management.
- Improved Nutritional Value: Biofortification through genetic modification can enhance the nutritional content of crops. “Golden Rice,” engineered to produce beta-carotene (precursor to Vitamin A), is a prominent example.
- Disease Resistance: Genetic modification can confer resistance to viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases, reducing crop losses.
- Drought Tolerance: GM technology can be used to develop crops that can withstand drought conditions, vital for regions facing water scarcity.
Limitations of Genetically Modified Crops
- Environmental Concerns: Potential for the development of herbicide-resistant weeds and insect pests. Cross-pollination of GM crops with wild relatives can lead to gene flow and potential disruption of ecosystems.
- Human Health Risks: Concerns regarding allergenicity and potential long-term health effects, though rigorous testing is mandated. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety aims to address these concerns.
- Economic Dependence: Farmers often become dependent on seed companies for GM seeds, potentially leading to increased costs and reduced autonomy.
- Loss of Biodiversity: Widespread adoption of a few GM varieties can reduce crop diversity, making agriculture more vulnerable to new pests or diseases.
- Ethical Considerations: Concerns about “playing God” and the potential for unintended consequences.
- Intellectual Property Rights: Patenting of GM seeds raises ethical and accessibility issues, particularly for smallholder farmers in developing countries.
Application of GM Technology in India
India has been relatively cautious in adopting GM technology. Bt cotton is the only commercially approved GM crop, introduced in 2002. Its adoption has been widespread, contributing to increased cotton production, but also facing challenges like the emergence of pink bollworm resistance. Efforts are underway to develop GM mustard and Bt brinjal, but these face regulatory hurdles and public opposition. The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is the regulatory body responsible for approving GM crops.
| Aspect | Merits | Limitations |
|---|---|---|
| Yield | Increased yield potential | Potential for yield stagnation due to pest resistance |
| Pest Control | Reduced pesticide use | Development of resistant pests |
| Nutrition | Biofortification possible | Concerns about allergenicity |
| Environment | Reduced environmental impact (with proper management) | Gene flow, impact on biodiversity |
Case Study: Bt Cotton in India
Bt cotton’s introduction in 2002 initially led to significant yield increases and reduced pesticide use. However, the emergence of pink bollworm resistance has necessitated the introduction of refuge doses and newer Bt technologies. This highlights the importance of sustainable management practices in GM agriculture.
Scheme: National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
While not directly focused on GM crops, NFSM (launched in 2007) aims to increase food production through various interventions, which could potentially include the adoption of improved varieties, including GM varieties where approved and feasible.
Conclusion
Genetically modified crops offer significant potential for enhancing agricultural productivity and addressing food security challenges. However, their adoption must be approached cautiously, considering the potential environmental and health risks. India’s experience with Bt cotton underscores the importance of robust regulatory frameworks, sustainable management practices, and continuous monitoring. A balanced and science-based approach is crucial to harness the benefits of GM technology while mitigating its potential drawbacks, ensuring food security and environmental sustainability.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.