Neolithic Sites Distribution in India | UPSC Mains ANTHROPOLOGY-PAPER-II 2019

Distribution of Neolithic sites in India.

How to Approach

This question requires a geographical understanding of Neolithic sites in India, categorized by region and their distinct characteristics. The answer should focus on major sites, their cultural features, and chronological order. A regional approach (Indus Valley, Belan Valley, Southern India, etc.) is recommended. Mentioning the key characteristics of Neolithic cultures (agriculture, pottery, tools) is crucial. The answer should be concise, fitting within the 150-word limit, and demonstrate knowledge of archaeological evidence.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The Neolithic period (roughly 7000 BCE – 3300 BCE) marks a significant transition in Indian prehistory, characterized by the development of agriculture and settled communities. While the earliest evidence of Neolithic culture is found in Mehrgarh (Pakistan, but culturally linked to India), significant sites are distributed across various regions of India, reflecting regional adaptations and cultural diversity. These sites provide crucial insights into the origins of farming and the subsequent development of civilization in the Indian subcontinent.

Regional Distribution of Neolithic Sites

Neolithic sites in India aren’t uniformly distributed. They are concentrated in specific geographical zones:

1. Indus Valley Region (Kashmir):

Burzahom (Kashmir): Pit-dwelling sites, evidence of agriculture and animal domestication (around 3000 BCE).
Gufkral (Kashmir): Similar to Burzahom, showcasing a transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture.

2. Belan Valley (Uttar Pradesh):

Chopani-Mando: Early Neolithic site with evidence of plant cultivation and crude pottery.
Koldihwa: Evidence of rice cultivation, one of the earliest instances in India.

3. Southern India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu):

Maski, Piklihal, Brahmagiri (Karnataka): Polished stone tools, Neolithic pottery, and evidence of cattle rearing.
Amri (Andhra Pradesh): Neolithic settlements with distinctive pottery styles.

4. Eastern India (Orissa, West Bengal):

Kuchai (Orissa): Neolithic sites with evidence of cord-impressed pottery and stone tools.

5. Rajasthan:

Ahar & Gilund: Characterized by distinct ceramic traditions and evidence of early farming.

These sites demonstrate a range of Neolithic adaptations, from the pit-dwelling cultures of Kashmir to the polished stone tool traditions of South India. The development of agriculture and animal husbandry were central to these settlements.

Conclusion

The distribution of Neolithic sites across India reveals a complex picture of early agricultural development and regional variations. These sites, though geographically dispersed, share common features like the adoption of agriculture, domestication of animals, and the use of polished stone tools. Further research continues to refine our understanding of the Neolithic transition and its impact on the subsequent development of Indian civilization.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution refers to the transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agricultural communities, marked by the domestication of plants and animals.

Celt

A celt is a type of polished stone axe, commonly found at Neolithic sites in India, used for felling trees and other woodworking activities.

Key Statistics

Mehrgarh, considered a precursor to the Indus Valley Civilization, shows evidence of settled life as early as 7000 BCE.

Source: Kenoyer, J. M. (1998). *Ancient Indus Valley*. University of Wisconsin Press.

Approximately 200 Neolithic sites have been identified across India as of 2023 (knowledge cutoff).

Source: Archaeological Survey of India reports (2023)

Examples

Chopani-Mando

Chopani-Mando in the Belan Valley is a prime example of an early Neolithic site in India, showcasing the initial stages of plant cultivation and the use of rudimentary pottery.

Frequently Asked Questions

▶What is the significance of polished stone tools in Neolithic India?

Polished stone tools, particularly celts and axes, were crucial for clearing forests for agriculture and constructing settlements. Their widespread presence indicates the importance of agriculture in Neolithic communities.