UPSC MainsENGLISH-LITERATURE-PAPER-I201915 Marks
Q14.

Comment on forgiveness and freedom as the two keynotes of The Tempest.

How to Approach

This question requires a nuanced understanding of Shakespeare’s *The Tempest* and its central themes. The approach should involve analyzing how Prospero’s journey embodies both forgiveness and the granting of freedom, not just to the other characters but also to himself. Focus on key scenes demonstrating these themes – particularly the final act. Structure the answer by first defining forgiveness and freedom in the context of the play, then examining how these themes are interwoven through character arcs (Prospero, Ariel, Caliban, Alonso), and finally, discussing the significance of their interplay in achieving resolution.

Model Answer

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Introduction

Shakespeare’s *The Tempest*, often considered his farewell to the stage, is a complex exploration of power, revenge, and ultimately, reconciliation. The play, set on a remote island, presents a world steeped in magic and illusion, where the exiled Duke Prospero orchestrates a tempest to bring his enemies within his grasp. However, the narrative doesn’t culminate in retribution but rather in a surprising emphasis on forgiveness and the granting of freedom. These two concepts are not merely isolated acts of benevolence but are deeply intertwined, forming the very core of the play’s resolution and offering a profound commentary on human nature and the cyclical nature of power.

Forgiveness as a Catalyst for Resolution

Forgiveness in *The Tempest* isn’t presented as a simple act of absolution. It’s a deliberate, calculated process undertaken by Prospero, initially fueled by a desire for justice, but evolving into a recognition of the futility of vengeance. His initial plan is to punish Alonso, Antonio, and Sebastian for their betrayal, but through Ariel’s interventions and his own internal struggles, he begins to question the value of retribution.

  • Prospero’s Internal Conflict: The famous “Our revels now are ended” speech (Act IV, Scene 1) marks a turning point. Prospero acknowledges the illusory nature of his power and the emptiness of revenge. He realizes that clinging to anger only perpetuates a cycle of suffering.
  • Alonso’s Repentance: Alonso’s genuine grief over the presumed loss of his son, Ferdinand, demonstrates a capacity for remorse. This vulnerability allows Prospero to extend forgiveness, recognizing Alonso’s suffering as a form of punishment in itself.
  • The Significance of Miranda and Ferdinand: The love between Miranda and Ferdinand symbolizes the possibility of a future free from the past’s grievances. Their union represents a reconciliation between the kingdoms of Naples and Milan, facilitated by Prospero’s eventual forgiveness.

Freedom and its Multifaceted Nature

The theme of freedom in *The Tempest* is equally complex, manifesting in different forms for various characters. It’s not simply about physical liberation but also about psychological and spiritual release.

Ariel’s Freedom

Ariel, the spirit bound to Prospero’s service, embodies the desire for freedom. His repeated pleas for release highlight the injustice of his servitude. Prospero’s promise of freedom, finally fulfilled in Act V, Scene 1, is a crucial act of liberation. However, Ariel’s freedom is also conditional – he must first complete the tasks assigned to him, suggesting that true freedom requires responsibility and fulfillment of obligations.

Caliban’s Limited Freedom

Caliban’s case is more ambiguous. While Prospero doesn’t grant him complete freedom, he acknowledges Caliban’s humanity and recognizes the injustice of his enslavement. Caliban’s freedom remains limited, and he is left on the island, but with the possibility of a different future. His acceptance of Stephano and Trinculo, however, suggests he may not be capable of self-governance.

Prospero’s Self-Liberation

Perhaps the most significant act of freedom is Prospero’s own. By relinquishing his magic, he frees himself from the burden of power and the cycle of revenge. This act of self-denial is essential for his own spiritual liberation. He chooses to return to Milan, not as a vengeful Duke, but as a reformed ruler, demonstrating that true power lies in self-control and forgiveness.

The Interplay of Forgiveness and Freedom

Forgiveness and freedom are inextricably linked in *The Tempest*. Prospero’s ability to forgive allows him to grant freedom to Ariel and, to a lesser extent, to Caliban. His own freedom is contingent upon his willingness to forgive his enemies. The play suggests that holding onto resentment and seeking revenge ultimately imprisons the individual, while forgiveness unlocks the path to liberation. The resolution of the play isn’t simply about restoring order but about creating a new order based on compassion and understanding.

Character Form of Imprisonment Path to Freedom/Forgiveness
Ariel Magical Bondage to Prospero Completion of Tasks & Prospero’s Promise
Caliban Enslavement & Colonization Acknowledged Humanity, Limited Autonomy
Prospero Self-Imposed Exile & Cycle of Revenge Forgiveness of Enemies & Relinquishing Magic
Alonso Guilt & Grief Repentance & Reconciliation with Ferdinand

Conclusion

In conclusion, *The Tempest* powerfully demonstrates that forgiveness and freedom are not merely desirable ideals but are essential for individual and collective healing. Prospero’s journey from vengeful magician to benevolent Duke underscores the transformative power of letting go of the past and embracing a future built on compassion. The play’s enduring relevance lies in its exploration of these universal themes and its suggestion that true liberation comes not from dominating others, but from freeing oneself from the shackles of anger and resentment.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Illusion vs. Reality
A central theme in *The Tempest* where the distinction between what appears to be true and what actually is, is constantly blurred, often through Prospero’s magic. This highlights the subjective nature of perception and the power of manipulation.

Key Statistics

Shakespeare wrote approximately 39 plays, 154 sonnets, and several other poems. (Source: The Folger Shakespeare Library, as of 2023)

Source: The Folger Shakespeare Library

Shakespeare’s First Folio, published in 1623, contains 36 of his plays, preserving them for posterity. (Source: British Library, as of 2023)

Source: British Library

Examples

Nelson Mandela’s Forgiveness

Nelson Mandela’s release from prison and his subsequent embrace of forgiveness towards his oppressors is a real-world example mirroring the themes in *The Tempest*. He chose reconciliation over retribution, leading to a peaceful transition to democracy in South Africa.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Caliban truly free at the end of the play?

Caliban’s freedom is ambiguous. While Prospero acknowledges his humanity, he remains on the island, still subject to the whims of others. His association with Stephano and Trinculo suggests he may not be capable of self-governance, raising questions about the extent of his liberation.

Topics Covered

LiteratureDramaShakespeareShakespearean ThemesDramatic IronyCharacter Analysis