Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM), 2009, marked a significant turning point in India’s approach to disasters. It advocated a shift from the traditional ‘relief-centric’ model – characterized by reactive responses after a disaster strikes – to a ‘pro-active’ and ‘multi-hazard’ management system. This involved a focus on prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and a holistic approach encompassing development planning. However, the effectiveness of this policy hinges on the implementation capacity and willingness of State Governments, which are the primary responders to disasters. This answer will examine the responses of State Governments in embracing this paradigm shift, analyzing their progress, challenges, and areas for improvement.
Understanding the Paradigm Shift
The NPDM 2009 emphasized a move towards:
- Prevention: Reducing the causes of disasters.
- Mitigation: Reducing the severity of disasters.
- Preparedness: Being ready to respond effectively.
- Response: Immediate actions taken during a disaster.
- Recovery: Restoring normalcy after a disaster.
This shift necessitates mainstreaming disaster risk reduction (DRR) into development planning, strengthening institutional capacity at all levels, and fostering community participation.
State Government Responses: A Phased Analysis
1. Prevention & Mitigation
Many states have initiated measures, but implementation remains uneven. For example:
- Coastal States (e.g., Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu): Have invested in cyclone shelters, early warning systems, and mangrove restoration (a natural mitigation measure). Odisha’s proactive evacuation strategies during cyclones like Fani (2019) significantly reduced casualties.
- Himalayan States (e.g., Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh): Face challenges related to landslides and flash floods. While some states have implemented slope stabilization measures and regulated construction in vulnerable areas, enforcement is often weak.
- Landmark Legislation: Several states have enacted Disaster Management Acts aligned with the National Disaster Management Act, 2005, establishing State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs).
2. Preparedness
Preparedness levels vary considerably. Key aspects include:
- Early Warning Systems: The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) provides weather forecasts, but last-mile connectivity to disseminate information to vulnerable communities remains a challenge.
- Mock Drills & Training: States like Gujarat have conducted regular mock drills to assess preparedness and train personnel.
- State Disaster Response Force (SDRF): Most states have established SDRFs, but their capacity and equipment levels differ significantly.
3. Response
This is where the reactive nature often resurfaces. While initial responses are often swift, coordination issues and logistical challenges frequently hamper relief efforts.
- Coordination: Inter-departmental coordination and coordination between state and central agencies can be problematic.
- Logistics: Access to remote areas, transportation of relief materials, and communication breakdowns are common issues.
- Kerala Floods (2018): Highlighted the need for better coordination, pre-positioning of resources, and effective communication strategies.
4. Recovery & Reconstruction
Recovery is often slow and inadequate, with a focus on restoring infrastructure rather than building back better.
- Rehabilitation: Providing long-term support to affected communities, including housing, livelihood restoration, and psychosocial support, is often neglected.
- ‘Build Back Better’ Principle: Integrating DRR into reconstruction efforts is crucial, but often overlooked due to cost considerations and political pressures.
Challenges Faced by State Governments
- Financial Constraints: Disaster management requires significant financial resources, and many states struggle to allocate sufficient funds.
- Capacity Building: Lack of trained personnel and specialized equipment hinders effective disaster management.
- Institutional Weaknesses: Weak coordination between different departments and agencies, and inadequate enforcement of regulations.
- Community Participation: Limited involvement of local communities in disaster planning and management.
- Climate Change Impacts: Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events pose new challenges.
Success Stories & Best Practices
| State | Initiative | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Odisha | Proactive Cyclone Evacuation | Significantly reduced casualties during cyclones like Fani and Titli. |
| Gujarat | Regular Mock Drills & SDRF Strengthening | Improved preparedness and response capabilities. |
| Andhra Pradesh | Cyclone Shelters & Mangrove Restoration | Reduced vulnerability of coastal communities. |
Conclusion
While State Governments have made progress in adopting a more proactive approach to disaster management, a complete paradigm shift remains a work in progress. Significant challenges related to funding, capacity building, institutional coordination, and community participation need to be addressed. Strengthening the link between disaster risk reduction and development planning, investing in early warning systems, and promoting ‘Build Back Better’ principles are crucial for building a more resilient India. Continuous monitoring, evaluation, and learning from past experiences are essential for improving disaster management practices at the state level.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.