Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
India, since its independence in 1947, has been a vibrant, albeit evolving, democracy. Initially characterized by a strong state and a dominant Congress party, the democratic profile of India has undergone significant transformations. These changes are reflected in the increasing electoral participation, diversification of political parties, the rise of regional forces, and the growing influence of social movements. More recently, the democratic landscape is being reshaped by factors like social media, economic liberalization, and a changing social fabric, presenting both opportunities and challenges to the established norms of Indian democracy.
Early Phase (1947-1980s): Consolidation and Dominant Party System
The initial decades witnessed the consolidation of democratic institutions. Universal adult suffrage was implemented, and regular elections were held. However, the political landscape was largely dominated by the Indian National Congress. This period saw a focus on nation-building and social welfare programs. Electoral participation, while significant, was relatively lower compared to present times. The influence of traditional social hierarchies remained strong, impacting political representation.
Liberalization and the Rise of Multi-Party Politics (1990s-2010s)
The economic liberalization of 1991 marked a turning point. It led to the rise of a new middle class and increased economic disparities. This period witnessed the decline of the Congress’s dominance and the emergence of regional parties and coalition governments. Increased media penetration and greater awareness contributed to higher voter turnout. The Mandal Commission (1979) and its implementation in the 1990s also played a crucial role in bringing marginalized communities into the political mainstream, though it also fueled identity politics.
Recent Trends (2010s-Present): Polarization and New Challenges
The last decade has seen a further shift in India’s democratic profile. Several key trends are noticeable:
- Increased Polarization: Political discourse has become increasingly polarized, often along religious and ideological lines.
- Rise of Social Media: Social media platforms have become powerful tools for political mobilization and dissemination of information, but also for spreading misinformation and hate speech.
- Criminalization of Politics: The presence of individuals with criminal backgrounds in politics remains a significant concern. According to the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, 23% of elected MPs had criminal cases pending against them.
- Decline in Civic Space: Concerns have been raised about shrinking civic space and restrictions on freedom of expression.
- Electoral Bonds: The introduction of electoral bonds has raised concerns about transparency in political funding.
Changes in Electoral Participation and Representation
| Period | Voter Turnout (Approx.) | Key Features |
|---|---|---|
| 1952-1970s | 45-60% | Lower participation, dominance of Congress, influence of traditional structures. |
| 1980s-2000s | 60-70% | Rise of regional parties, increased awareness, Mandal politics. |
| 2010s-Present | 65-75% | High participation, polarization, influence of social media, focus on identity. |
Furthermore, representation of marginalized groups (women, OBCs, and minorities) has increased, though it remains below proportional representation. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (1992) mandating reservations in local bodies have been instrumental in empowering these groups at the grassroots level.
Conclusion
The democratic profile of India is continuously evolving, reflecting the country’s socio-economic and political transformations. While India has made significant strides in expanding participation and strengthening democratic institutions, challenges such as polarization, criminalization of politics, and the erosion of civic space need to be addressed. Sustaining a vibrant and inclusive democracy requires continuous vigilance, strengthening of institutions, and promoting a culture of tolerance and dialogue. The future of Indian democracy hinges on its ability to navigate these challenges and uphold the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.