Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The period between 1857 and 1947 witnessed a significant, albeit uneven, development of the transport system in India. Initially driven by the exigencies of colonial administration and economic exploitation, the transport network underwent a transformation, primarily through the expansion of railways. Prior to 1857, transport was largely rudimentary, relying on traditional methods like bullock carts, pack animals, and inland waterways. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 underscored the need for a more efficient transport system for military mobilization and administrative control, catalyzing large-scale investment in infrastructure. This development, however, was deeply intertwined with the colonial agenda of resource extraction and market penetration, shaping its trajectory and leaving a lasting impact on India’s economic and social landscape.
Early Phase (1857-1880): Railway Expansion & Initial Road Development
The immediate aftermath of the 1857 revolt saw a surge in railway construction. The British recognized the strategic importance of railways for troop movement and maintaining control over the vast Indian territory. The first railway lines were constructed by private companies, guaranteed a 5% return on investment by the government, regardless of profitability. This guaranteed return incentivized rapid expansion, but also led to exploitation and a lack of focus on public benefit.
- East Indian Railway (1854): One of the earliest railway companies, connecting Howrah to Delhi.
- Great Indian Peninsula Railway (1853): Connected Bombay to Kalyan.
Road development during this period was limited, primarily focused on connecting railway stations to ports and administrative centers. The Public Works Department (PWD) was established in 1849, but its focus remained on military roads rather than comprehensive road networks.
Expansion and Consolidation (1880-1914): Growth of Railways & Limited Road Improvements
This period witnessed a significant expansion of the railway network, reaching almost all major cities and regions. The Indian Railways became one of the largest railway systems in the world. However, the expansion was not uniform, with certain regions, particularly those deemed strategically or economically important, receiving greater attention.
- Railway Mileage: Increased from approximately 9,000 miles in 1880 to over 26,000 miles by 1914. (Source: Indian Railway History, 1996)
- Gauge System: The British introduced multiple gauge systems (broad, meter, narrow) which hindered seamless connectivity and increased costs.
Road development remained slow. While some efforts were made to improve existing roads, the focus remained on railways. Inland waterways continued to be used, particularly in Bengal and Assam, but faced challenges from silting and lack of investment.
Interwar Period (1914-1947): Slowdown & Focus on Maintenance
World War I and the subsequent economic depression slowed down railway expansion. The focus shifted towards maintaining the existing infrastructure and improving efficiency. The development of roadways gained some momentum, driven by the increasing availability of motor vehicles. However, road infrastructure remained inadequate, particularly in rural areas.
- Road Transport Act (1932): This act provided a framework for regulating road transport, but its impact was limited due to lack of resources.
- Air Transport: The first commercial air services were introduced in India in 1932 by Tata Airlines (later Air India), but air travel remained limited to the elite.
The partition of India in 1947 severely disrupted the transport system, particularly the railway network, as lines were divided between India and Pakistan. This led to significant logistical challenges and economic disruption.
Impact of the Transport System
The development of the transport system during this period had a profound impact on the Indian economy and society.
- Economic Impact: Facilitated the extraction of raw materials (cotton, jute, coal) from India and their export to Britain. Enabled the import of manufactured goods from Britain, undermining local industries. Created a market for British goods and capital.
- Social Impact: Facilitated the movement of people, leading to increased urbanization and migration. Contributed to the spread of ideas and information. However, the benefits were unevenly distributed, with certain regions and social groups benefiting more than others.
- Political Impact: Strengthened British control over India. Facilitated the suppression of nationalist movements.
| Mode of Transport | Development during 1857-1947 | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Railways | Rapid expansion, multiple gauges, primarily for colonial interests. | Facilitated resource extraction, market penetration, strengthened British control. |
| Roads | Slow development, focused on connecting railway stations and administrative centers. | Limited impact, primarily served colonial administration. |
| Waterways | Continued use, but faced challenges from silting and lack of investment. | Important for regional trade, particularly in Bengal and Assam. |
| Airways | Introduction of commercial air services in 1932, limited to the elite. | Minimal impact during this period. |
Conclusion
The development of the transport system in India between 1857 and 1947 was largely shaped by the colonial agenda. While the expansion of railways brought about significant changes, it primarily served British economic and strategic interests. The uneven development of the transport network exacerbated regional disparities and hindered the growth of a truly integrated national economy. The legacy of this colonial-era transport system continues to influence India’s infrastructure development challenges today, necessitating continued investment and a focus on equitable access and sustainable practices.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.