UPSC MainsENGLISH-LITERATURE-PAPER-II202010 Marks150 Words
Q5.

The new poets still quoted the old poets, but no one spoke in verse of the pregnant woman drowned, with perhaps twins in her, kicking at blank walls even before birth. (Ramanujan)

How to Approach

This question requires a literary analysis of A.K. Ramanujan’s poem, focusing on its thematic concerns and implications. The approach should involve identifying the central idea – the silencing of female suffering and the limitations of poetic expression – and exploring how Ramanujan uses imagery and language to convey this. The answer should demonstrate an understanding of the poem’s context within broader literary and social concerns, particularly regarding gender and representation. Structure the answer by first introducing the poem's central theme, then analyzing specific lines and imagery, and finally, discussing the poem’s broader significance.

Model Answer

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Introduction

A.K. Ramanujan’s poem presents a stark contrast between traditional poetic subjects and the unacknowledged tragedies of everyday life. The poem’s power lies in its deliberate focus on a marginalized experience – the death of a pregnant woman – and its critique of a poetic tradition that overlooks such suffering. The opening lines establish a sense of continuity ("The new poets still quoted the old poets") yet immediately highlight a crucial absence: the lack of poetic engagement with the realities of female experience, specifically the devastating loss represented by a pregnant woman’s drowning. This poem isn’t merely a lament; it’s a commentary on the limitations of language and the silences within poetic discourse.

The Silencing of Female Suffering

The poem’s central theme revolves around the silencing of female suffering. The drowned woman is not presented as a romantic figure or a subject of grand tragedy, but as a stark reality – a pregnant woman, potentially carrying twins, whose life is abruptly ended. The phrase "pregnant woman drowned" is deliberately matter-of-fact, stripping away any potential for sentimentalization. This directness underscores the poem’s critique of a poetic tradition that often prioritizes abstract beauty over concrete human experience.

Imagery of Confinement and Futility

Ramanujan employs powerful imagery to convey the tragedy and the sense of futility. The image of the twins "kicking at blank walls / even before birth" is particularly poignant. This suggests a life denied, a potential unrealized, and a desperate struggle against an insurmountable barrier. The "blank walls" symbolize the indifference of the world, the lack of recognition for the woman’s existence and her potential motherhood. The pre-natal kicking emphasizes the inherent vitality brutally extinguished.

Critique of Poetic Tradition

The opening lines, "The new poets still quoted / the old poets, but no one spoke / in verse," are crucial to understanding the poem’s broader message. Ramanujan suggests that despite stylistic innovations, the fundamental limitations of poetic representation persist. The new poets may be experimenting with form and language, but they continue to operate within a tradition that excludes or marginalizes certain experiences. The absence of verse dedicated to the drowned woman highlights this exclusion. It’s not simply that the subject is unpleasant; it’s that it doesn’t fit within the established conventions of poetic discourse.

The Power of Absence

The poem’s impact is also derived from what it *doesn’t* say. There is no elaborate description of the woman, no exploration of her thoughts or feelings, no attempt to offer solace or explanation. This deliberate omission reinforces the sense of her erasure, both from life and from the realm of poetic representation. The poem’s brevity and starkness amplify the emotional weight of the tragedy.

Social and Gender Implications

The poem can be interpreted as a commentary on the patriarchal structures that often render women invisible or voiceless. The drowned woman represents not just an individual tragedy, but a systemic disregard for female life and experience. By focusing on a marginalized figure, Ramanujan challenges the dominant narratives of poetry and forces readers to confront the silences within their own cultural traditions.

Conclusion

Ramanujan’s poem is a powerful and unsettling meditation on loss, silence, and the limitations of language. It serves as a poignant reminder of the unacknowledged suffering that exists on the margins of society and a critical examination of the poetic tradition’s role in perpetuating these silences. The poem’s enduring relevance lies in its ability to provoke reflection on the ethical responsibilities of art and the importance of giving voice to the voiceless. It compels us to question what stories are told, and more importantly, which ones remain untold.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Patriarchy
A system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. It often manifests in social norms, legal structures, and cultural representations that privilege male perspectives and experiences.
Marginalization
The process by which individuals or groups are pushed to the edges of society, denied full access to resources and opportunities, and excluded from meaningful participation in social, economic, and political life.

Key Statistics

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 800 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth (as of 2020).

Source: World Health Organization (WHO)

According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5, 2019-21), the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India is 97 per 100,000 live births.

Source: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5)

Examples

The Representation of Ophelia in Shakespeare’s Hamlet

Ophelia’s death by drowning in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, while a significant dramatic moment, is often interpreted through a male gaze, focusing on Hamlet’s grief rather than Ophelia’s agency or suffering. This parallels Ramanujan’s critique of how female tragedy is often framed within patriarchal narratives.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is the poem so short and direct?

The poem’s brevity and directness are deliberate stylistic choices. They amplify the emotional impact of the tragedy and underscore the sense of abruptness and finality. The lack of embellishment forces the reader to confront the stark reality of the woman’s death without any mediating filters.

Topics Covered

LiteraturePoetryRamanujanIndian LiteratureThemesPoetic Devices