Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have

Defining Culture and Civilization

Culture, derived from the Latin ‘cultura’ meaning cultivation, encompasses the totality of learned behavior transmitted from one generation to the next. It includes language, religion, art, morals, laws, and customs. Anthropologists like Edward Tylor defined culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” (Tylor, 1871). It is dynamic, evolving with time and influenced by internal and external factors.

Civilization, on the other hand, signifies a more advanced stage of societal development, characterized by urban centers, specialized labor, complex political structures, monumental architecture, and systems of writing. It’s often associated with technological innovation and the accumulation of material wealth. V. Gordon Childe, a prominent archaeologist, identified ten criteria for defining a civilization, including agricultural surplus, specialized crafts, and social stratification (Childe, 1950).

Historical Interplay: From Culture to Civilization

Historically, culture precedes civilization. Early human societies were primarily defined by their cultures – their kinship systems, oral traditions, and subsistence strategies. The Neolithic Revolution (around 10,000 BCE) marked a turning point, with the development of agriculture leading to settled communities and the emergence of civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. These early civilizations were deeply rooted in the cultures of their respective regions.

For instance, the Egyptian civilization, with its monumental pyramids and complex religious beliefs, was a direct outgrowth of the Nile River Valley culture. Similarly, the Indus Valley Civilization’s urban planning and sophisticated drainage systems were underpinned by a culture that valued order and hygiene. However, civilizations are not merely extensions of culture; they also *shape* culture. The development of writing, for example, allowed for the preservation and transmission of cultural knowledge, while urbanization led to new forms of social interaction and cultural expression.

Civilization as an Expression of Culture

Civilization can be viewed as the tangible manifestation of a culture’s values and aspirations. The architectural styles of different civilizations – the Gothic cathedrals of Europe, the temples of Angkor Wat, the Mughal architecture of India – reflect the religious beliefs, aesthetic sensibilities, and technological capabilities of their respective cultures.

Consider the Roman civilization. Its legal system, engineering feats (aqueducts, roads), and military organization were all expressions of Roman cultural values – pragmatism, discipline, and a belief in the power of law and order. The Renaissance, a period of cultural flourishing in Europe, led to significant advancements in art, science, and technology, demonstrating how a revitalized culture can drive civilizational progress.

The Dichotomy and its Limitations

The statement “Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have” suggests a separation between internal identity and external possessions. However, this distinction is not always clear-cut. Civilizational achievements often become integral parts of a culture’s identity. For example, the Taj Mahal is not merely a magnificent building; it is a symbol of Mughal culture and a source of national pride for India.

Furthermore, the concept of ‘civilization’ has been historically used to justify colonialism and cultural imperialism, with Western civilizations often presented as superior to others. This perspective ignores the diversity of cultural achievements and the inherent value of all cultures. The rise of globalization and intercultural exchange has blurred the lines between civilizations, leading to cultural hybridity and the emergence of new cultural forms.

Contemporary Relevance

In the 21st century, the relationship between culture and civilization is more complex than ever. Technological advancements, driven by scientific progress (a key component of civilization), are rapidly transforming cultures around the world. The internet and social media have facilitated the spread of ideas and cultural practices, leading to both homogenization and diversification.

However, it is crucial to recognize that technological progress alone does not equate to civilizational advancement. A truly advanced civilization must be grounded in ethical values, social justice, and environmental sustainability – all of which are rooted in culture. The challenge for contemporary societies is to harness the power of civilization to promote cultural understanding, preserve cultural diversity, and create a more equitable and sustainable world.