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UPSC MainsGENERAL-STUDIES-PAPER-I202010 Marks150 Words
Q2.

Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate. (Answer in 150 words)

How to Approach

The question requires evaluating the significance of the Pala period for the history of Buddhism in India. A good answer will move beyond simply stating that it was significant and will *enumerate* the specific ways in which the Pala rulers fostered and contributed to Buddhism. Focus should be on patronage, the development of Buddhist philosophy (particularly Vajrayana), and the spread of Buddhism to other regions. Structure the answer chronologically, highlighting key rulers and their contributions. Mention the decline of Buddhism *after* the Pala period to emphasize their role in its survival.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The Pala dynasty, ruling over a large part of eastern India from the 8th to the 12th centuries CE, represents a pivotal phase in the history of Indian Buddhism. Following the decline of Buddhism under the Gupta empire and the rise of Hinduism, Buddhism faced a period of marginalization. The Palas, however, emerged as staunch patrons, providing crucial support that revitalized the religion and allowed it to flourish for several centuries. Their reign witnessed a unique synthesis of Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions, and a significant contribution to Buddhist art, philosophy, and the dissemination of Buddhist teachings beyond India’s borders.

Pala Patronage and Revival of Buddhism

The Pala rulers, starting with Gopala (c. 750-770 CE), actively promoted Buddhism. Gopala, elected by a council of Buddhist monks, established a strong foundation for royal patronage. This patronage continued and intensified under subsequent rulers like Dharmapala (c. 770-810 CE) and Devapala (c. 810-850 CE).

  • Monastic Support: The Palas generously endowed monasteries (viharas) with land grants, financial support, and resources. Vikramashila, Nalanda, Somapura Mahavihara (Paharpur), and Odantapuri became prominent centers of Buddhist learning and practice under their rule.
  • Royal Conversions: While not all Pala rulers were devout Buddhists, their consistent support indicates a policy of religious tolerance and active encouragement of Buddhist institutions.
  • Vikramashila University: Founded by Pala king Devapala, Vikramashila became a leading center for Buddhist studies, particularly Vajrayana Buddhism, attracting scholars from across Asia.

Development of Buddhist Philosophy

The Pala period witnessed significant developments in Buddhist philosophy, particularly within the Vajrayana tradition. This period saw the flourishing of tantric Buddhism and the systematization of its doctrines.

  • Vajrayana Buddhism: The Palas actively supported the development and propagation of Vajrayana Buddhism, also known as Tantric Buddhism. This form of Buddhism emphasizes esoteric practices and rituals.
  • Scholars and Texts: Prominent Buddhist scholars like Shantarakshita, Kamalashila, and Atisha (who visited during the later Pala period) contributed significantly to Buddhist philosophy and literature. Important texts were translated and preserved during this time.
  • Debates and Dialogues: The Pala period saw important philosophical debates, such as the debate between Kamalashila and Harshavardhana, which helped to establish the superiority of Buddhist logic and epistemology.

Spread of Buddhism to Other Regions

The Pala period played a crucial role in the transmission of Buddhism to other parts of Asia, particularly Tibet, Nepal, and Southeast Asia.

  • Tibetan Buddhism: The Pala period saw a significant influx of Buddhist scholars and texts into Tibet. Shantarakshita and Atisha played a key role in establishing and developing Buddhism in Tibet.
  • Missionary Activities: Pala rulers and Buddhist monks actively engaged in missionary activities, spreading Buddhist teachings to neighboring countries.
  • Artistic Influence: Pala art, particularly sculpture and painting, influenced the artistic traditions of Tibet, Nepal, and other regions.

Decline and Legacy

The decline of the Pala empire in the 12th century CE coincided with a further decline in the fortunes of Buddhism in India. The rise of Hindu revivalist movements and the Muslim invasions contributed to the gradual disappearance of Buddhism from its land of origin. However, the Pala period’s legacy remained strong, particularly in Tibet and other regions where Buddhism continued to thrive.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Pala period undeniably represents the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India after the Gupta period. Through consistent royal patronage, the flourishing of Buddhist philosophy, and the active dissemination of Buddhist teachings, the Palas not only revitalized Buddhism within India but also played a crucial role in its transmission to other parts of Asia. While Buddhism eventually declined in India, the Pala period ensured its survival and continued development elsewhere, leaving an enduring legacy that continues to shape Buddhist traditions today.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

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Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Vajrayana Buddhism
Also known as Tantric Buddhism, it is a complex form of Buddhism that emphasizes esoteric practices, rituals, and the use of mantras and mandalas to achieve enlightenment.
Mahavihara
A Mahavihara was a large Buddhist monastery complex that served as a center for learning, religious practice, and artistic production during the Pala period.

Key Statistics

Vikramashila University housed over 108 monasteries and six colleges, and accommodated more than 10,000 students (as per historical accounts and archaeological findings).

Source: Historical research based on Xuanzang’s accounts and archaeological evidence (knowledge cutoff 2023)

Archaeological excavations at Nalanda University reveal that it had over 2,000 teachers and 10,000 students from various parts of the world during the Pala period.

Source: Nalanda Archaeological Report (knowledge cutoff 2023)

Examples

Somapura Mahavihara (Paharpur)

This UNESCO World Heritage Site, built during the Pala period, exemplifies the architectural grandeur and religious significance of Buddhist monasteries during that time. Its complex structure and intricate terracotta plaques demonstrate the artistic achievements of the Pala era.

Frequently Asked Questions

▶Why did Buddhism decline in India despite Pala patronage?

While the Palas provided significant support, factors like the resurgence of Hinduism (particularly Shaivism and Vaishnavism), the lack of widespread social acceptance among all strata of society, and ultimately, the Muslim invasions, contributed to Buddhism’s decline in India.

Topics Covered

HistoryReligionAncient IndiaBuddhismPala Empire
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