UPSC MainsGEOLOGY-PAPER-II202020 Marks
Q24.

Question 24

A vein-type copper ore body trending E-W with 90° dip and having strike length of 150 m is exposed on the surface. Four trenches are made across the ore body at constant interval, including one trench each at E and W end of the ore body. Thickness of the ore body and assay value measured from the trenches are given in the table. Assuming that the ore body extends up to a depth of 50 m, and the specific gravity of the ore is 2.8, calculate the tonnage, grade and total copper content of the ore body.

How to Approach

This question requires applying principles of ore reserve estimation. The approach involves calculating the volume of the ore body, then using specific gravity to determine tonnage, and finally calculating the total copper content based on the assay values. A systematic approach using trench data and assuming a consistent ore body geometry is crucial. The key is to break down the ore body into sections based on trench data and then extrapolate.

Model Answer

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Introduction

Ore reserve estimation is a critical aspect of mining geology, providing the quantitative basis for economic feasibility studies and mine planning. Vein-type ore deposits, characterized by their tabular or irregular shapes, require careful assessment of their geometry and grade distribution. Accurate tonnage and grade calculations are essential for determining the economic viability of extracting the ore. This question tests the ability to apply fundamental principles of ore reserve estimation to a given geological scenario, utilizing trench data and specific gravity to determine the ore body’s potential.

Understanding the Problem

We are given a vein-type copper ore body with a known strike length, dip, and depth. Four trenches are established across the ore body at regular intervals, providing thickness and assay value data. The goal is to calculate the total tonnage, grade, and copper content of the ore body.

Assumptions and Data Organization

We assume the ore body maintains a consistent geometry between the trenches. Let's organize the given data (which is missing in the question, so we will assume some values for demonstration purposes. A real answer would use the provided table). For the sake of calculation, let's assume the following data:

Trench Location Thickness (m) Assay Value (% Cu)
West End (0m) 2.0 3.5
37.5m 2.5 4.0
75m 3.0 3.8
East End (150m) 2.2 3.2

Calculating Volume

The ore body can be approximated as a prism with a length of 150m, a width equal to the average thickness, and a height of 50m. First, calculate the average thickness:

Average Thickness = (2.0 + 2.5 + 3.0 + 2.2) / 4 = 2.425 m

Volume = Length x Width x Height = 150 m x 2.425 m x 50 m = 18187.5 m3

Calculating Tonnage

Tonnage is calculated by multiplying the volume by the specific gravity and the density of water (1000 kg/m3).

Tonnage = Volume x Specific Gravity x Density of Water = 18187.5 m3 x 2.8 x 1000 kg/m3 = 50925000 kg = 50925 tonnes

Calculating Total Copper Content

To calculate the total copper content, we need to determine the average grade of the ore body. We can calculate this by averaging the assay values from each trench:

Average Grade = (3.5 + 4.0 + 3.8 + 3.2) / 4 = 3.625 %

Total Copper Content = Tonnage x Average Grade = 50925 tonnes x 0.03625 = 1848.56 tonnes of Copper

Grade Calculation

The grade of the ore body is the average assay value, which we have already calculated as 3.625% Cu.

Considerations and Limitations

This calculation is based on several assumptions. The actual ore body may not have a uniform thickness or grade. Geological structures like faults or folds could significantly affect the ore body's geometry and grade distribution. More detailed sampling and geological modeling would be required for a more accurate estimate.

Conclusion

Based on the assumed data and the applied methodology, the estimated tonnage of the copper ore body is 50925 tonnes, with an average grade of 3.625% Cu, containing a total of 1848.56 tonnes of copper. This estimation provides a preliminary assessment of the ore body’s potential. Further exploration and detailed geological modeling are crucial for refining these estimates and making informed decisions regarding mine development.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Specific Gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance, typically water. It is a dimensionless quantity and is used to determine the weight of a given volume of ore.
Assay Value
Assay value refers to the concentration of a valuable metal (in this case, copper) in a sample of ore, typically expressed as a percentage or parts per million (ppm).

Key Statistics

Global copper reserves were estimated at 840 million tonnes in 2022.

Source: US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023 (Knowledge Cutoff: Jan 2023)

Chile is the world's largest producer of copper, accounting for approximately 27% of global production in 2022.

Source: Statista (Knowledge Cutoff: Jan 2023)

Examples

Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah

Bingham Canyon Mine (also known as the Kennecott Copper Mine) in Utah is one of the largest open-pit copper mines in the world. Its massive scale requires extensive ore reserve estimation and geological modeling to optimize extraction.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between ore reserve and ore resource?

Ore resources are estimates of the total amount of ore in a deposit, while ore reserves are the economically mineable portion of the resource. Reserves require demonstrated economic viability, considering factors like grade, mining costs, and metal prices.