Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The demand for the reorganisation of states on a linguistic basis gained momentum in the pre-independence era, fueled by the growth of regional identities and the Indian National Congress’s initial reluctance to fully embrace the idea. Post-independence, the issue became a significant political challenge, culminating in the formation of the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) in 1953 under the chairmanship of K.M. Panikkar. The SRC’s recommendations, implemented between 1956 and 1966, fundamentally reshaped the political map of India. While initially viewed with apprehension by some, the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines is widely considered a major step towards national consolidation and integration, fostering a sense of belonging and facilitating governance.
Historical Context & Pre-Independence Movements
The seeds of linguistic reorganisation were sown during the Indian freedom struggle. The Indian National Congress, initially wary of exacerbating regionalism, adopted a cautious approach. However, the growing awareness of linguistic identity, particularly in regions like Andhra, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab, led to demands for states based on language. The ‘Vande Mataram’ movement in the early 20th century, while nationalist, also saw the rise of regional literary and cultural associations that strengthened linguistic consciousness.
The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) – 1953
Following independence, the pressure for linguistic states intensified. The central government appointed the SRC in 1953 to address the issue. The SRC’s primary objectives were to:
- Examine the existing boundaries of provinces and states.
- Recommend changes based on linguistic and cultural homogeneity.
- Consider administrative viability and maintain national unity.
The SRC submitted its report in 1956, recommending the reorganisation of states primarily on a linguistic basis. It recognized 18 languages as eligible for statehood. However, it also emphasized the need to balance linguistic considerations with administrative efficiency and national integration. The SRC also considered factors like geographical contiguity, economic viability, and the potential for maintaining law and order.
Implementation & Major Reorganisations (1956-1966)
The implementation of the SRC’s recommendations was a complex process. The first major reorganisation took place in 1956 with the creation of states like Andhra Pradesh (the first linguistic state in 1953), Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Further reorganisations followed in 1960 (Bombay Reorganisation Act – creating Maharashtra and Gujarat) and 1966 (Punjab Reorganisation Act – creating Haryana and Himachal Pradesh).
| State | Year of Formation | Basis of Reorganisation |
|---|---|---|
| Andhra Pradesh | 1953 (First Linguistic State) | Telugu Language |
| Kerala | 1956 | Malayalam Language |
| Karnataka | 1956 | Kannada Language |
| Maharashtra | 1960 | Marathi Language |
| Gujarat | 1960 | Gujarati Language |
| Haryana | 1966 | Hindi Speaking Population |
Impact on National Consolidation & Integration
The reorganisation of states on linguistic lines had a profound impact on national consolidation and integration:
- Reduced Regional Discontent: Addressing the long-standing demands for linguistic states significantly reduced regional tensions and discontent, fostering a sense of belonging among linguistic communities.
- Improved Governance: Administration became more efficient as governance could be conducted in the local language, improving communication and public participation.
- Strengthened Democracy: Linguistic states facilitated the growth of regional political parties, contributing to a more diverse and representative democratic system.
- National Unity: While some feared fragmentation, the reorganisation ultimately strengthened national unity by accommodating regional aspirations within a federal framework.
However, the reorganisation wasn’t without its challenges. Disputes over boundaries, particularly regarding areas with mixed populations, continued to arise. The creation of new states also led to administrative and economic adjustments.
Challenges and Criticisms
Despite its positive impacts, the linguistic reorganisation faced criticisms. Some argued that it reinforced regionalism and hindered the development of a pan-Indian identity. Boundary disputes, such as those between Maharashtra and Karnataka over Belgaum, remained unresolved for decades. Furthermore, the focus on language sometimes overshadowed other important factors like economic viability and administrative efficiency.
Conclusion
The reorganisation of states on a linguistic basis was a landmark event in post-independence India. While not without its complexities and challenges, it undeniably played a crucial role in national consolidation and integration. By accommodating regional aspirations and fostering a sense of belonging, the reorganisation strengthened the foundations of Indian democracy and facilitated effective governance. The process demonstrated India’s ability to adapt and evolve its political structure to address the diverse needs of its population, ultimately contributing to a more unified and resilient nation.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.