Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Idealism, as a school of thought in International Relations, emerged prominently in the aftermath of World War I, fueled by a desire to prevent future conflicts. Rooted in the belief that human nature is fundamentally good and capable of progress, it posits that international cooperation and adherence to moral principles can overcome the inherent anarchy of the international system. While often contrasted with Realism, which emphasizes power politics, Idealism continues to inform approaches to peacebuilding, conflict resolution, and the promotion of international law, despite facing significant challenges in a world often driven by national interests.
Core Assumptions of Idealism
Idealism rests on several core assumptions:
- Moral Basis of International Politics: Idealists believe that international relations should be guided by ethical principles, such as justice, fairness, and respect for human rights.
- Importance of International Law and Organizations: They emphasize the role of international law, treaties, and organizations (like the United Nations) in regulating state behavior and fostering cooperation. The League of Nations (established 1920) was a prime example of this belief in collective security.
- Belief in Progress: Idealists are optimistic about the possibility of achieving lasting peace through education, diplomacy, and the spread of democratic values.
- Rejection of Power Politics: Unlike Realists, Idealists downplay the significance of power struggles and believe that states can overcome their self-interest to pursue common goals.
- Interdependence: Idealists highlight the interconnectedness of states and argue that cooperation is mutually beneficial.
Continuing Relevance in Peacebuilding
Despite criticisms, Idealism’s principles remain relevant in contemporary peacebuilding efforts:
- UN Peacekeeping Operations: UN peacekeeping missions, though often constrained by political realities, embody the Idealist principle of collective security and the use of international institutions to maintain peace. For example, the UN mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) aims to protect civilians and build lasting peace.
- International Criminal Court (ICC): The establishment of the ICC in 2002 reflects the Idealist belief in holding individuals accountable for war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity, promoting justice and deterring future atrocities.
- Humanitarian Intervention: The concept of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P), endorsed by the UN in 2005, demonstrates an Idealist impulse to intervene in states where governments fail to protect their own populations from mass atrocities.
- Mediation and Diplomacy: Efforts to resolve conflicts through negotiation, mediation, and diplomatic channels are rooted in the Idealist belief in the power of reason and communication. The Oslo Accords (1993) between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, though ultimately unsuccessful in achieving a lasting peace, exemplify this approach.
- Civil Society Engagement: Idealism recognizes the importance of non-state actors, such as NGOs and civil society organizations, in promoting peace, human rights, and development.
Limitations and Criticisms
It’s important to acknowledge the limitations of Idealism. Critics argue that it is naive and overlooks the realities of power politics, national self-interest, and the inherent anarchic nature of the international system. The failure of the League of Nations and the outbreak of World War II are often cited as evidence of Idealism’s shortcomings. Furthermore, the principle of state sovereignty often clashes with the Idealist desire for international intervention.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while Idealism may not provide a complete explanation of international relations, its core assumptions continue to shape efforts to build a more peaceful and just world. The enduring relevance of international law, organizations, and humanitarian principles demonstrates that the Idealist vision, despite its limitations, remains a vital force in contemporary peacebuilding. A pragmatic approach, acknowledging both the ideals and the realities of international politics, is crucial for achieving sustainable peace and security.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.