Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The post-Cold War era has witnessed a shift towards a multipolar world order, characterized by the rise of new powers and the relative decline of Western dominance. India, with its growing economic and military capabilities, is increasingly being viewed as a key player in shaping this emerging order. Traditionally adhering to a policy of non-alignment, India is now navigating a complex geopolitical landscape, balancing its strategic autonomy with deepening partnerships with various global actors. Recent developments like the Russia-Ukraine war and the increasing assertiveness of China have further underscored India’s significance as a responsible stakeholder in global affairs, demanding a critical examination of its role.
India’s Approach to the Emerging World Order
India’s approach is fundamentally rooted in its commitment to strategic autonomy, meaning it resists being drawn into rigid alliances and prioritizes its national interests. However, this doesn’t equate to isolationism. India actively engages with the world through various channels, seeking to promote a rules-based international order and multilateralism.
India and Major Powers
India-US Relations
The India-US strategic partnership has deepened significantly in recent decades, driven by shared concerns over China’s rise and a convergence of interests in areas like counter-terrorism and maritime security. The ‘Indo-Pacific’ strategy, where India is a key pillar, reflects this alignment. However, divergences remain on issues like Russia, trade, and human rights. The Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) – comprising India, US, Japan, and Australia – is a crucial platform for regional cooperation, aiming to counter China’s influence and promote a free and open Indo-Pacific.
India-China Relations
India-China relations are complex, characterized by both cooperation and competition. While economic ties remain substantial, border disputes and China’s growing military presence in the Indian Ocean region have led to increased tensions. India views China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) with caution, particularly the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which traverses disputed territory. India’s response has been to strengthen its own partnerships and enhance its military capabilities.
India-Russia Relations
India has historically maintained a strong relationship with Russia, primarily based on defense cooperation. Russia remains a key supplier of military equipment to India. Despite Western pressure, India has continued to purchase Russian oil and arms, citing its strategic interests and historical ties. This has been a point of contention with the US and other Western countries, highlighting the challenges of balancing relationships in a multipolar world.
India’s Role in Multilateral Institutions
United Nations
India has been a long-standing advocate for reforms in the United Nations Security Council, seeking a permanent seat to reflect the changing global power dynamics. It actively participates in UN peacekeeping operations and contributes to various UN initiatives on sustainable development, climate change, and counter-terrorism. India’s commitment to multilateralism is evident in its consistent support for the UN system.
G20
As a member of the G20, India plays a significant role in shaping the global economic agenda. During its G20 presidency in 2023, India prioritized issues like digital public infrastructure, inclusive growth, and climate finance. This demonstrated India’s leadership in addressing global challenges and promoting a more equitable and sustainable world order.
BRICS
India is a founding member of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), a grouping of emerging economies. BRICS aims to promote South-South cooperation and provide an alternative platform for global governance. However, the grouping faces challenges due to divergent interests and geopolitical tensions among its members. The recent expansion of BRICS signals its continued relevance as a platform for challenging the existing global order.
India’s Contributions to Global Governance
Climate Change
India is a major player in international climate negotiations, advocating for the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’. It has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 and has significantly increased its renewable energy capacity. However, India also emphasizes the need for developed countries to fulfill their commitments to provide financial and technological support to developing countries.
Counter-Terrorism
India has been a vocal advocate for strengthening international cooperation against terrorism. It has consistently pushed for the adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) at the UN. India has also actively participated in regional and multilateral counter-terrorism initiatives.
South-South Cooperation
India has been a strong proponent of South-South cooperation, providing assistance to developing countries in areas like capacity building, technology transfer, and infrastructure development. The India-Africa Forum Summit is a key platform for strengthening India’s ties with African countries.
Conclusion
India’s role in shaping the emerging world order is becoming increasingly prominent. While committed to strategic autonomy, India is actively engaging with major powers and multilateral institutions to promote a rules-based international system and address global challenges. Its leadership within the G20 and its continued advocacy for reforms in the UN Security Council demonstrate its ambition to play a greater role in global governance. However, navigating the complex geopolitical landscape and balancing competing interests will be crucial for India to effectively shape the future world order. The success of India’s foreign policy will depend on its ability to leverage its economic and diplomatic strengths while upholding its values of inclusivity and multilateralism.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.