Critically analyse Durkheim's views on elementary forms of religious life and role of religion. Also discuss the consequences of religious revivalism in contemporary society.

Durkheim’s Views on Elementary Forms of Religious Life

Durkheim’s analysis centered on the Australian Aboriginal totemism, which he considered the most ‘primitive’ form of religion. He argued that even in these seemingly simple religious systems, the core elements of all religions are present. His key concepts include:

• Sacred vs. Profane: Durkheim distinguished between the sacred – things set apart and forbidden, inspiring reverence – and the profane – the ordinary aspects of everyday life. This distinction is fundamental to all religious belief.
• Collective Representations: These are shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate independently of individual minds. Religion, according to Durkheim, is a system of collective representations.
• Collective Effervescence: This refers to the heightened emotional state experienced by individuals when participating in collective rituals. Durkheim believed this effervescence is the source of religious belief and social solidarity.
• Totemism as a Model: Durkheim saw the totem – an object representing the clan – as a symbol of society itself. Worship of the totem, therefore, is essentially worship of society.

The Role of Religion According to Durkheim

Durkheim believed religion serves several crucial functions for society:

• Social Cohesion: Religion reinforces shared values and beliefs, creating a sense of belonging and solidarity.
• Moral Regulation: Religion provides a moral code that guides individual behavior and maintains social order.
• Cognitive Function: Religion provides a framework for understanding the world and one’s place within it.
• Emotional Support: Religion offers comfort and meaning in times of crisis and uncertainty.

Critical Analysis of Durkheim’s Views

While Durkheim’s work is highly influential, it has also faced criticism:

• Functionalist Bias: Critics argue that Durkheim’s focus on the positive functions of religion overlooks its potential for conflict and oppression. He downplays the role of power dynamics and inequality within religious systems.
• Methodological Limitations: His reliance on the study of ‘primitive’ societies has been questioned. Critics argue that his conclusions may not be applicable to more complex, modern religions.
• Neglect of Individual Experience: Durkheim’s emphasis on collective representations tends to minimize the importance of individual religious experience and belief.
• Reductionism: Some argue that Durkheim reduces religion to a mere reflection of social structures, ignoring its intrinsic spiritual and theological dimensions.

However, Durkheim’s contribution remains significant. He shifted the focus of religious studies from the supernatural to the social, providing a framework for understanding religion as a social construct. His concept of collective effervescence continues to be relevant in understanding social movements and collective behavior.

Religious Revivalism in Contemporary Society

Religious revivalism refers to the re-emergence of religious belief and practice after a period of decline. Contemporary society witnesses various forms of revivalism globally, often characterized by:

• Fundamentalism: A strict adherence to the fundamental principles of a religion, often accompanied by a rejection of modern values. (e.g., rise of Islamic fundamentalism in parts of the Middle East).
• Pentecostalism/Charismatic Christianity: Emphasis on spiritual gifts, such as speaking in tongues and divine healing. (e.g., rapid growth of Pentecostal churches in Latin America and Africa).
• Hindu Nationalism (Hindutva): A political ideology that seeks to define Indian culture in terms of Hindu values.

Consequences of Religious Revivalism

The consequences of religious revivalism are complex and multifaceted:

• Positive Consequences:
  • Strengthening of Community: Revivalism can foster a sense of belonging and social support.
  • Moral Renewal: It can provide a moral compass and promote ethical behavior.
  • Social Activism: Religious groups often engage in charitable work and social justice movements.
• Negative Consequences:
  • Intolerance and Conflict: Revivalism can lead to discrimination and violence against those who hold different beliefs.
  • Political Polarization: Religious ideologies can be used to justify political agendas and exacerbate social divisions.
  • Resistance to Modernity: Some forms of revivalism reject scientific advancements and progressive social reforms.
  • Erosion of Secularism: The increasing influence of religion in public life can challenge the principles of secularism.

The rise of religious revivalism is often linked to factors such as globalization, economic inequality, political instability, and a sense of cultural alienation. It represents a search for meaning and identity in a rapidly changing world.