The Harappan Civilization, flourishing between 3300-1700 BCE in the Indus Valley, left behind a rich archaeological record, amongst which the seals stand out as particularly significant artifacts. These small, square or rectangular objects, primarily made of steatite, served not merely as markers of ownership but as crucial tools for communication, administration, and potentially, religious expression. The seals provide invaluable insights into the socio-economic and religious life of the Harappans, acting as miniature canvases depicting their world. Understanding these seals is fundamental to reconstructing the complexities of this early urban civilization. Harappan Seals: Characteristics Harappan seals are primarily made of steatite , a soft stone easily carved but durable when fired. They typically measure around 2.5 x 2.5 cm, though variations exist. The seals are generally square or rectangular, with a pierced boss on the reverse side, likely for carrying as amulets or attaching to goods. Motifs and Iconography The depictions on Harappan seals are remarkably diverse and provide clues to their beliefs and practices. Common motifs include: Animals: Unicorns are the most frequently depicted animal (around 35% of seals), followed by bulls, elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, and composite creatures. The unicorn’s symbolism remains debated, potentially representing power, fertility, or a mythical being. Human Figures: Human figures are less common and often depicted in a stylized manner. The ‘Priest-King’ seal from Mohenjo-daro is a notable example, though its interpretation is contested. Female figures are also present, sometimes associated with plant motifs, suggesting a possible connection to fertility cults. Script: Most seals bear inscriptions in the Harappan script, which remains undeciphered. The script typically consists of short sequences of symbols, often appearing alongside the animal depictions. Plants and Geometric Designs: Depictions of plants, particularly pipal leaves, and various geometric patterns are also found on seals. Functions of Harappan Seals The precise function of Harappan seals is still debated, but several theories have been proposed: Administrative and Economic Control: Seals were likely used to stamp goods for trade, indicating ownership and ensuring quality control. The presence of seals at trading posts suggests their role in facilitating commercial transactions. Identification and Authentication: Seals could have served as personal identifiers, similar to signatures, for merchants or officials. Religious and Ritualistic Purposes: The depiction of animals and deities suggests a possible religious function. The pierced boss might have allowed the seals to be worn as amulets for protection. Commemorative Function: Some seals may have been created to commemorate specific events or individuals. Regional Variations While there is a general uniformity in the style and material of Harappan seals, regional variations exist. For example, seals from Gujarat often depict composite animals, while those from the Punjab region tend to feature more realistic animal representations. This suggests regional artistic preferences and potentially, differing religious beliefs. Region Characteristic Seal Motifs Gujarat Composite animals, elaborate designs Punjab Realistic animal depictions, simpler designs Mohenjo-daro ‘Priest-King’ seal, narrative scenes Harappan seals are invaluable primary sources for understanding the complexities of the Indus Valley Civilization. They offer glimpses into the Harappans’ economic activities, administrative systems, religious beliefs, and artistic sensibilities. While the undeciphered script continues to pose a challenge, the iconography and archaeological context of the seals provide crucial evidence for reconstructing the life and world of this remarkable early urban society. Further research and interdisciplinary approaches are essential to unlock the full potential of these miniature masterpieces.

Harappan Seals: Significance & Interpretation | UPSC Mains ANTHROPOLOGY-PAPER-II 2021

Harappan seals

How to Approach

This question requires a detailed understanding of Harappan seals – their material, depictions, function, and significance. The answer should move beyond merely describing the seals to analyzing what they reveal about Harappan society, economy, and belief systems. Structure the answer by first defining Harappan seals, then detailing their characteristics (material, size, motifs), followed by their probable functions, and finally, their importance in understanding the civilization. Focus on providing specific examples of motifs and their interpretations.

Harappan Seals: Characteristics

Harappan seals are primarily made of steatite, a soft stone easily carved but durable when fired. They typically measure around 2.5 x 2.5 cm, though variations exist. The seals are generally square or rectangular, with a pierced boss on the reverse side, likely for carrying as amulets or attaching to goods.

Motifs and Iconography

The depictions on Harappan seals are remarkably diverse and provide clues to their beliefs and practices. Common motifs include:

Animals: Unicorns are the most frequently depicted animal (around 35% of seals), followed by bulls, elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, and composite creatures. The unicorn’s symbolism remains debated, potentially representing power, fertility, or a mythical being.
Human Figures: Human figures are less common and often depicted in a stylized manner. The ‘Priest-King’ seal from Mohenjo-daro is a notable example, though its interpretation is contested. Female figures are also present, sometimes associated with plant motifs, suggesting a possible connection to fertility cults.
Script: Most seals bear inscriptions in the Harappan script, which remains undeciphered. The script typically consists of short sequences of symbols, often appearing alongside the animal depictions.
Plants and Geometric Designs: Depictions of plants, particularly pipal leaves, and various geometric patterns are also found on seals.

Functions of Harappan Seals

The precise function of Harappan seals is still debated, but several theories have been proposed:

Administrative and Economic Control: Seals were likely used to stamp goods for trade, indicating ownership and ensuring quality control. The presence of seals at trading posts suggests their role in facilitating commercial transactions.
Identification and Authentication: Seals could have served as personal identifiers, similar to signatures, for merchants or officials.
Religious and Ritualistic Purposes: The depiction of animals and deities suggests a possible religious function. The pierced boss might have allowed the seals to be worn as amulets for protection.
Commemorative Function: Some seals may have been created to commemorate specific events or individuals.

Regional Variations

While there is a general uniformity in the style and material of Harappan seals, regional variations exist. For example, seals from Gujarat often depict composite animals, while those from the Punjab region tend to feature more realistic animal representations. This suggests regional artistic preferences and potentially, differing religious beliefs.

Region	Characteristic Seal Motifs
Gujarat	Composite animals, elaborate designs
Punjab	Realistic animal depictions, simpler designs
Mohenjo-daro	‘Priest-King’ seal, narrative scenes

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Steatite

A soft metamorphic rock, also known as soapstone, composed primarily of talc. It is easily carved but becomes durable when fired, making it ideal for seal making.

Iconography

The visual images and symbols used in a subject, such as art or religion. In the context of Harappan seals, iconography refers to the depictions of animals, humans, and other motifs.

Key Statistics

Over 3500 Harappan seals have been discovered to date.

Source: Kenoyer, J.M. (1998). *Ancient Indus Valley*. University of Wisconsin Press.

Approximately 60% of Harappan seals contain animal motifs.

Source: Mackay, E.J.H. (1931). *Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization*. London: British Academy.

Examples

The Pashupati Seal

Discovered at Mohenjo-daro, this seal depicts a seated figure, possibly a proto-Shiva, surrounded by animals. It is often interpreted as evidence of early yogic practices and religious beliefs.

Frequently Asked Questions

▶Why hasn't the Harappan script been deciphered?

The Harappan script is relatively short, lacking long texts like the Rosetta Stone, making it difficult to apply comparative linguistic methods. The language family to which it belongs remains unknown.

Harappan seals

Model Answer

Introduction