Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The Green Revolution, initiated in the 1960s, was a period of significant agricultural advancements in India, primarily focused on increasing food production through the introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds, particularly for wheat and rice. Driven by scientists like Norman Borlaug and supported by policies promoting irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides, it aimed to address widespread food shortages and famine. While largely successful in boosting agricultural output, the Green Revolution’s impact on employment and income distribution has been complex and often debated. This answer will analyze these multifaceted effects, providing a comprehensive assessment of its legacy.
Impact on Agricultural Output
The Green Revolution dramatically increased agricultural output, particularly in wheat and rice. Before the Green Revolution, India was heavily reliant on food imports. HYV seeds, coupled with increased irrigation (through projects like the Bhakra-Nangal Dam) and the use of chemical fertilizers, led to a substantial rise in yields. Wheat production increased from 11 million tonnes in 1960 to 75 million tonnes in 2000 (Source: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, data as of 2000). Rice production also saw a significant increase, though less dramatic than wheat. This increase in production helped India achieve self-sufficiency in food grains.
- Regional Disparities: The impact was concentrated in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, which had better irrigation facilities and were quicker to adopt the new technologies.
- Increased Productivity: Yield per hectare increased significantly for wheat and rice, reducing the dependence on monsoon rains.
- Diversification Challenges: The focus on wheat and rice led to a decline in the cultivation of other crops like millets and pulses, impacting dietary diversity.
Impact on Employment
The impact on employment was mixed. Initially, the Green Revolution created demand for labor in activities like irrigation, fertilizer application, and harvesting. However, the mechanization of agriculture, driven by increased profitability, led to a decline in the demand for agricultural labor over time.
- Initial Labor Demand: Increased cropping intensity and the need for intensive farming practices initially boosted labor demand.
- Mechanization & Displacement: The introduction of tractors, harvesters, and other machinery reduced the need for manual labor, leading to displacement of agricultural workers, particularly small and marginal farmers.
- Rural-Urban Migration: Displaced agricultural laborers migrated to urban areas in search of alternative employment, contributing to urban overcrowding and informal sector growth.
- Shift in Employment Patterns: Employment shifted from farm labor to related sectors like fertilizer production, transportation, and marketing.
Impact on Income Distribution
The Green Revolution exacerbated income inequality in rural areas. Large landowners, who had the resources to invest in HYV seeds, irrigation, and fertilizers, benefited the most from the increased productivity. Small and marginal farmers, lacking these resources, were often left behind.
| Farmer Category | Impact of Green Revolution |
|---|---|
| Large Landowners | Significant increase in income and profits due to higher yields and economies of scale. |
| Medium Landowners | Moderate increase in income, but faced challenges in competing with large landowners. |
| Small & Marginal Farmers | Limited benefits, often burdened by debt due to the cost of inputs. Increased vulnerability to market fluctuations. |
| Landless Laborers | Negative impact due to displacement caused by mechanization and reduced demand for labor. |
- Increased Rural Inequality: The gap between the rich and poor farmers widened significantly.
- Debt Trap: Small farmers often fell into debt cycles due to the high cost of inputs and the risk of crop failure.
- Regional Disparities in Income: States that benefited from the Green Revolution experienced higher income growth compared to those that did not.
- Concentration of Wealth: The benefits of the Green Revolution were concentrated in the hands of a few, leading to increased wealth concentration in rural areas.
Conclusion
The Green Revolution was undeniably successful in averting famine and achieving food security in India. However, its impact was uneven, with significant negative consequences for employment and income distribution. While boosting agricultural output, it exacerbated rural inequality and led to environmental challenges like groundwater depletion and soil degradation. Future agricultural policies must focus on sustainable practices, diversification of crops, and inclusive growth strategies that benefit all farmers, particularly small and marginal ones, ensuring food security alongside equitable development. Promoting climate-resilient agriculture and investing in rural infrastructure are crucial for a more sustainable and equitable agricultural future.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.