Examine Milton's treatment of Adam and Eve in Paradise Lost, particularly his opinions concerning marriage and gender roles appropriate to each sex.

The Idealized Pre-Fall Marriage

Initially, Milton presents an idyllic vision of marriage between Adam and Eve. Their relationship is characterized by mutual respect, intellectual companionship, and a shared enjoyment of Paradise. Eve is not depicted as subordinate, but as Adam’s “fairest companion, / Fit help to his society” (IV.295-296). This suggests a partnership based on equality, though one where Adam is clearly designated as the leader and intellectual superior. Milton emphasizes their shared humanity and the importance of procreation as a divine mandate. However, even in this Edenic state, subtle differences are established. Adam is presented as more rational and contemplative, while Eve is more susceptible to passion and imagination.

Differing Temptations and the Fall

The differing temptations faced by Adam and Eve are central to understanding Milton’s views on gender roles. Eve, drawn to the forbidden fruit by the serpent’s flattery and her own ambition for knowledge and godlike status, is portrayed as more easily swayed by emotion and a desire for self-improvement. Milton’s depiction of Eve’s temptation has been interpreted as reinforcing stereotypes about female vanity and susceptibility to sin. Adam, on the other hand, is tempted not by a direct appeal to his desires, but by his love for Eve and his fear of losing her. He consciously chooses to fall with her, prioritizing companionship over obedience to God. This act, while demonstrating his love, is also presented as a weakness – a failure to exercise his superior reason.

Post-Fall: Justification of Gender Roles

Following the Fall, Milton’s justification of gender roles becomes more explicit. He argues that Eve’s fall was a result of her inherent weakness and lack of reason, while Adam’s was a noble, though misguided, act of love. This leads to the imposition of a hierarchical structure within their marriage, with Adam assuming a position of dominance and Eve being subjected to “sorrow and increase of pain” (IV.126). Milton’s famous lines, “For God in his wisdom saw / That mortal men, though gifted with reason, / Were prone to err” (X.95-97), suggest a pessimistic view of human nature, particularly female nature. He believes that women require the guidance and control of men to prevent them from succumbing to temptation.

Milton’s Ambivalence and Internal Contradictions

Despite his apparent endorsement of patriarchal norms, Milton’s portrayal of Adam and Eve is riddled with ambivalence. He frequently acknowledges Eve’s intelligence, beauty, and persuasive power. Furthermore, his sympathetic depiction of her suffering after the Fall suggests a degree of empathy. Some critics argue that Milton deliberately presents conflicting perspectives to challenge his readers to question conventional wisdom. The complexity of his characters and the internal contradictions within his narrative prevent a simple interpretation of his views on gender roles. He seems torn between upholding traditional beliefs and recognizing the inherent dignity and potential of women.

The Significance of Repentance and Redemption

Milton emphasizes the importance of repentance and the possibility of redemption for both Adam and Eve. Through their shared suffering and their acceptance of divine justice, they begin to understand the consequences of their actions and to grow in spiritual maturity. While Adam retains a degree of authority, Eve demonstrates a newfound humility and a willingness to submit to his guidance. However, Milton also suggests that their eventual salvation will be achieved through their joint efforts and their unwavering faith in God. This hints at a more egalitarian vision of their future relationship, albeit one still grounded in traditional gender roles.