Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The human condition is perpetually defined by desire – a yearning for something more. This inherent drive fuels progress, but also breeds discontent. The question of whether fulfillment lies in minimizing wants or maximizing possessions has occupied philosophers for centuries. The assertion that “Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera” presents a compelling dichotomy. ‘Wantlessness’, often associated with Eastern philosophies, proposes liberation through detachment. ‘Materialism’, dominant in many modern economies, posits happiness through acquisition. This essay will argue that while a complete realization of wantlessness remains an idealistic aspiration, materialism, as a path to lasting fulfillment, is ultimately an illusion – a deceptive promise that perpetually recedes with each attainment.
Defining Wantlessness and Materialism
Wantlessness (Aparigraha), central to Jainism and Buddhism, doesn’t advocate for absolute poverty but rather a detachment from possessions and desires. It emphasizes contentment and inner peace derived from minimizing external dependencies. It’s a philosophy rooted in the understanding that craving is the root of suffering (Dukkha). Conversely, Materialism, in its philosophical sense, asserts that matter is the fundamental substance of reality. In a socio-economic context, it manifests as a belief system prioritizing the accumulation of wealth and possessions as the primary drivers of happiness and status.
Why Wantlessness is Utopian
The claim that wantlessness is utopian stems from the inherent nature of human psychology and societal structures. Several factors contribute to this:
- Biological Imperatives: Humans are biologically programmed with basic needs – food, shelter, security. Eliminating all wants contradicts these fundamental drives.
- Social Conditioning: Modern societies are built on consumerism and the pursuit of economic growth. Individuals are constantly bombarded with messages promoting desire and acquisition.
- The Role of Ambition: Wantlessness, if universally adopted, could stifle innovation and progress. Ambition, fueled by a desire for improvement, is a key driver of societal advancement.
- Practical Challenges: Achieving complete detachment requires rigorous spiritual practice and a rejection of societal norms, a path inaccessible to most.
However, it’s important to note that wantlessness isn’t about eliminating all desires, but about discerning between needs and wants, and prioritizing inner values over external possessions. Gandhi’s simple lifestyle, though not absolute wantlessness, exemplifies a conscious effort to minimize material desires.
Why Materialism is a Chimera
A chimera, a mythical creature composed of disparate parts, aptly describes the illusory nature of materialism. The pursuit of material possessions often leads to a cycle of dissatisfaction:
- Hedonic Adaptation: Psychological research demonstrates that humans quickly adapt to new possessions, diminishing the initial pleasure they provide. This is known as the ‘hedonic treadmill’. (Brickman & Coates, 1978)
- Relative Deprivation: Happiness derived from material possessions is often contingent on social comparison. The desire for ‘more’ is perpetually fueled by observing the possessions of others.
- The Paradox of Choice: An abundance of choices, characteristic of materialistic societies, can lead to anxiety and regret, hindering satisfaction. (Schwartz, 2004)
- External Validation: Materialism often seeks external validation through status symbols, making happiness dependent on the opinions of others.
The 2008 global financial crisis serves as a stark example of the fragility of a system built on unchecked materialism and speculative accumulation. The pursuit of profit, divorced from ethical considerations, led to widespread economic devastation.
Counterarguments and Synthesis
Some argue that materialism drives economic growth, creating jobs and improving living standards. Furthermore, the pursuit of wealth can incentivize innovation and entrepreneurship. However, this argument overlooks the negative externalities of unchecked materialism – environmental degradation, social inequality, and psychological distress.
A balanced approach is necessary. While complete wantlessness may be unattainable, cultivating a sense of contentment and prioritizing non-material values is crucial. Similarly, while material possessions can contribute to well-being, they should not be the sole source of happiness. A sustainable and fulfilling life requires a synthesis of material security and inner peace.
| Wantlessness | Materialism |
|---|---|
| Focus: Inner peace, detachment | Focus: External possessions, acquisition |
| Rooted in: Eastern philosophies (Jainism, Buddhism) | Rooted in: Modern economic systems, consumer culture |
| Potential drawbacks: Stifled ambition, impracticality | Potential drawbacks: Hedonic adaptation, social inequality |
| Idealistic aspiration | Illusory promise |
Conclusion
In conclusion, the assertion that wantlessness is utopian and materialism a chimera holds considerable truth. While a life devoid of all desires is likely unattainable, the relentless pursuit of material possessions offers only fleeting satisfaction. A truly fulfilling existence lies not in either extreme, but in finding a harmonious balance – securing basic needs while cultivating inner contentment, prioritizing values over possessions, and recognizing that true wealth resides not in what we have, but in who we are. Moving forward, societies must prioritize well-being over GDP, and foster a culture that values sustainability, compassion, and inner growth.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.