Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Energy transition refers to the global shift from fossil-based systems of production and consumption to renewable energy sources. This transition is increasingly viewed as crucial for mitigating climate change and achieving ‘Net Zero’ emissions – a state where the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere is balanced by an equivalent amount removed. The Paris Agreement (2015) underscored the need to limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels, making the 2050 net-zero target a globally recognized ambition. Achieving this target necessitates a fundamental restructuring of energy systems, with energy transition acting as the primary instrument.
The Role of Energy Transition in Achieving Zero Carbon
Energy transition is not merely about switching fuels; it’s a systemic change encompassing production, distribution, and consumption. Here’s how it contributes to achieving zero carbon by 2050:
1. Decarbonizing Power Generation
- Renewable Energy Sources: Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass offer carbon-free electricity generation. Increased investment and technological advancements are driving down costs, making them increasingly competitive with fossil fuels. For example, India’s installed renewable energy capacity has significantly increased, reaching over 170 GW as of November 2023 (MNRE data).
- Nuclear Energy: While controversial, nuclear energy provides a low-carbon baseload power source. Newer reactor designs (Small Modular Reactors - SMRs) are being explored for enhanced safety and efficiency.
- Phasing out Coal: Coal remains the most carbon-intensive fuel. A rapid phase-out of coal-fired power plants is essential. Countries like the UK have already committed to phasing out coal by 2025.
2. Electrification of End-Use Sectors
Transitioning to electricity powered by renewable sources in sectors like transportation, heating, and industry is vital.
- Electric Vehicles (EVs): EVs reduce emissions from the transport sector. Government incentives and charging infrastructure development are crucial for EV adoption. India’s FAME-II scheme promotes EV adoption.
- Heat Pumps: Replacing fossil fuel-based heating systems with heat pumps powered by renewable electricity reduces emissions from buildings.
- Green Hydrogen: Hydrogen produced using renewable energy (green hydrogen) can decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors like steel, cement, and long-haul transportation. The National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and export.
3. Enhancing Energy Efficiency
Reducing energy demand through efficiency measures is a cost-effective way to lower emissions.
- Building Efficiency: Improving insulation, using energy-efficient appliances, and adopting smart building technologies can significantly reduce energy consumption.
- Industrial Efficiency: Implementing energy management systems, adopting best available technologies, and promoting circular economy principles can enhance industrial energy efficiency.
- Smart Grids: Smart grids optimize energy distribution, reduce transmission losses, and integrate renewable energy sources more effectively.
4. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)
CCUS technologies capture CO2 emissions from industrial sources and either store them underground or utilize them in other processes. While not a replacement for emission reductions, CCUS can play a role in decarbonizing certain sectors.
5. Policy and Investment Frameworks
Supportive policies and substantial investments are crucial for accelerating the energy transition.
- Carbon Pricing: Carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems incentivize emission reductions.
- Renewable Energy Targets: Setting ambitious renewable energy targets provides a clear signal to investors.
- Financial Incentives: Subsidies, tax credits, and loan guarantees can lower the cost of renewable energy projects.
- Grid Modernization: Investing in grid infrastructure is essential for integrating renewable energy sources.
Conclusion
Achieving zero carbon by 2050 through energy transition is a monumental task requiring concerted global efforts. While technological advancements and falling renewable energy costs offer significant opportunities, overcoming challenges related to grid integration, energy storage, and policy implementation is crucial. A holistic approach encompassing decarbonization of power generation, electrification of end-use sectors, energy efficiency improvements, and supportive policy frameworks is essential for realizing this ambitious goal. Continued innovation, international cooperation, and sustained investment will be key to unlocking a sustainable and low-carbon future.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.