Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
River linking, a proposed large-scale civil engineering project, involves the transfer of water from water-surplus basins to water-deficit basins in India. Conceived as a solution to water scarcity and drought, the project aims to enhance irrigation, hydropower generation, and navigation. The idea gained prominence with the National Water Development Agency (NWDA) formed in 1987. However, the ambitious plan faces significant ecological and economic hurdles. While proponents highlight the potential for increased agricultural productivity and economic growth, critics raise concerns about the irreversible environmental damage and socio-economic disruptions it could cause. This answer will delve into a detailed discussion of these challenges.
Ecological Challenges of River Linking
River linking projects pose a multitude of ecological threats, impacting the delicate balance of river ecosystems.
- Impact on Biodiversity: Altering natural river flows disrupts aquatic ecosystems, affecting fish migration, breeding patterns, and overall biodiversity. Dams and canals fragment habitats, isolating populations and increasing extinction risk. The Ken-Betwa link project, for example, threatens the critically endangered gharial and vulture populations in the Panna Tiger Reserve.
- Altered River Flows: Diverting water from one basin to another changes the natural flow regime, impacting downstream ecosystems and groundwater recharge. This can lead to reduced water availability for wetlands, estuaries, and deltas, affecting their ecological functions.
- Deforestation and Habitat Loss: Construction of canals, reservoirs, and associated infrastructure requires significant land acquisition, often leading to deforestation and habitat loss. This further exacerbates biodiversity loss and contributes to climate change.
- Water Quality Degradation: Reduced river flows can lead to increased concentration of pollutants, affecting water quality and harming aquatic life. The introduction of invasive species through canal networks is another concern.
- Impact on Wetlands: Wetlands, crucial for biodiversity and flood control, are particularly vulnerable to altered river flows. Reduced water inflow can lead to their degradation and loss.
Economic Challenges of River Linking
The economic viability and social implications of river linking are equally complex.
- High Project Costs: River linking projects are incredibly capital-intensive, requiring massive investments in infrastructure. The estimated cost of the interlinking of rivers is upwards of ₹6 lakh crore (as of 2023, based on knowledge cutoff). This raises questions about the economic feasibility and potential for cost overruns.
- Displacement of Populations: Construction of reservoirs and canals necessitates the displacement of communities, particularly tribal populations and marginalized groups. Rehabilitation and resettlement processes are often inadequate, leading to social unrest and economic hardship.
- Inter-State Disputes: River linking projects often involve multiple states, leading to disputes over water sharing and project implementation. The sharing of water from the Brahmaputra basin, for instance, is a contentious issue between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
- Economic Viability of Irrigation: The economic benefits of increased irrigation may be offset by the costs of water conveyance, maintenance, and potential waterlogging and salinity issues.
- Impact on Existing Livelihoods: Altered river flows can negatively impact existing livelihoods dependent on river resources, such as fishing and agriculture.
A Comparative Look at Key River Linking Projects
| Project | Linking Rivers | Key Challenges |
|---|---|---|
| Ken-Betwa Link | Ken & Betwa | Environmental clearances, displacement of Panna Tiger Reserve wildlife, impact on downstream ecosystems. |
| Mahanadi-Godavari Link | Mahanadi & Godavari | Inter-state disputes (Odisha & Andhra Pradesh), impact on Chilika Lake. |
| Parbati-Almora Link | Parbati & Almora | Geological instability, deforestation in Himalayan region. |
Furthermore, the economic models used to justify these projects often fail to adequately account for the environmental costs and social impacts, leading to an overestimation of benefits.
Conclusion
River linking in India presents a complex dilemma. While the promise of addressing water scarcity is appealing, the ecological and economic challenges are substantial. A cautious and holistic approach is crucial, prioritizing comprehensive environmental impact assessments, robust rehabilitation plans, and equitable water sharing agreements. Focusing on water conservation, efficient irrigation techniques (like micro-irrigation), and watershed management offers a more sustainable and less disruptive path towards water security. A shift towards decentralized water management and community participation is also essential for ensuring long-term success.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.