Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
In Jain philosophy, the pursuit of liberation (moksha) necessitates a thorough understanding of reality. This understanding isn’t achieved through a single, fixed viewpoint, but through a multiplicity of perspectives known as ‘Nayas’. Naya, derived from the root ‘na’ meaning ‘to analyze’, represents a particular stand-point or logical view. The ‘Sapta-bhangī Naya’ – the seven-fold Naya – is a crucial epistemological tool employed by Jains to dissect reality, avoiding the pitfalls of one-sided views and promoting a comprehensive, non-absolutist understanding. These Nayas are not contradictory but complementary, offering different facets of the same truth.
The Seven-Fold Naya (Sapta-bhangī Naya)
The seven Nayas are methods of predicating an object, each focusing on a different aspect. They are designed to break down complex realities into manageable components for analysis.
1. Drishti-Naya (Naya of Viewpoint)
This Naya focuses on the subjective perception of an object. It emphasizes how an object appears to a particular observer, influenced by their individual perspective, knowledge, and biases. For example, a rope may appear as a snake to someone with poor eyesight or a fear of snakes. This Naya acknowledges the role of individual perception in shaping reality.
2. Shrut-Naya (Naya of Scriptural Authority)
Shrut-Naya relies on the authority of scriptures and traditional knowledge. It involves understanding an object based on what is revealed through sacred texts and teachings. For instance, understanding the concept of karma through Jain Agamas falls under this Naya. However, it’s important to note that Shrut-Naya is not considered the ultimate truth, but a stepping stone towards it.
3. Adikar-Naya (Naya of the Substance)
This Naya classifies objects based on their inherent qualities or categories (substances – dravyas). It focuses on the essential nature of an object, such as its being a living being (jiva) or a non-living thing (ajiva). For example, classifying a tree as a type of plant with specific characteristics like roots, stem, and leaves falls under Adikar-Naya.
4. Sthana-Naya (Naya of Spatial Position)
Sthana-Naya analyzes an object based on its spatial location and relationship to other objects. It considers the object’s position in space and time. For example, describing a book as being ‘on the table’ or ‘next to the lamp’ utilizes Sthana-Naya. This Naya highlights the interconnectedness of objects within a spatial framework.
5. Kala-Naya (Naya of Temporal Position)
Kala-Naya examines an object in relation to time – its past, present, and future. It considers the object’s changes and transformations over time. For example, understanding a seed’s growth into a tree through the stages of germination, sprouting, and maturation falls under Kala-Naya. This Naya emphasizes the dynamic nature of reality.
6. Samkhya-Naya (Naya of Number)
Samkhya-Naya focuses on the quantity or number of objects. It involves counting and categorizing objects based on their numerical value. For example, stating that there are ‘five apples’ or ‘ten students’ utilizes Samkhya-Naya. This Naya provides a quantitative understanding of reality.
7. Prayoga-Naya (Naya of Practical Application)
Prayoga-Naya examines an object based on its practical use or function. It considers how an object is utilized in real-life situations. For example, understanding a knife as a tool for cutting or a pen as a tool for writing falls under Prayoga-Naya. This Naya emphasizes the pragmatic aspect of reality.
Summary Table of the Seven Nayas
| Naya | Focus | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Drishti-Naya | Subjective Perception | Seeing a mirage as water |
| Shrut-Naya | Scriptural Authority | Understanding Karma through Agamas |
| Adikar-Naya | Substance/Category | Classifying a lion as a mammal |
| Sthana-Naya | Spatial Position | A book being 'on the table' |
| Kala-Naya | Temporal Position | A caterpillar transforming into a butterfly |
| Samkhya-Naya | Number/Quantity | Counting 'three birds' |
| Prayoga-Naya | Practical Application | Using a chair for sitting |
It is crucial to understand that these Nayas are not mutually exclusive. A complete understanding of reality requires considering all seven Nayas simultaneously. This holistic approach prevents one-sided views and promotes a more nuanced and accurate perception of the world.
Conclusion
The Sapta-bhangī Naya is a cornerstone of Jain epistemology, offering a sophisticated framework for understanding reality. By employing these seven perspectives, Jains aim to transcend the limitations of individual viewpoints and achieve a comprehensive, non-absolutist understanding of the universe. This approach is not merely an intellectual exercise but a practical tool for liberation, enabling individuals to overcome attachment and aversion, and ultimately attain moksha. The emphasis on multiple perspectives remains relevant in contemporary discourse, promoting tolerance and understanding in a diverse world.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.