Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Developmental planning in India, initiated post-independence, represented a conscious effort to steer the nation towards socio-economic progress. Rooted in a socialist framework, the initial planning model aimed to address widespread poverty, inequality, and underdevelopment. Inspired by the Soviet five-year plans, India adopted a centralized planning approach, with the state playing a dominant role in resource allocation and industrial development. However, over time, this model underwent significant transformations, influenced by global economic shifts and internal critiques, leading to liberalization and a more market-oriented approach. This answer will analyze the evolution and impact of developmental planning in India.
The Nehruvian Era (1951-1965): A Socialist Blueprint
The First Five-Year Plan (1951-56) focused on agricultural development and irrigation, drawing heavily on the Harrod-Domar model. This period witnessed significant investment in large-scale irrigation projects like the Bhakra-Nangal Dam. The Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61) emphasized industrialization, particularly heavy industries, guided by the Mahalanobis model. This led to the establishment of public sector undertakings (PSUs) like steel plants at Rourkela and Durgapur. Sociologically, this era aimed at reducing regional disparities and promoting a more equitable distribution of wealth, though its impact was uneven.
The Period of Planned Economic Growth (1965-1980)
The 1960s and 70s saw a period of slower growth, partly due to the Indo-Pak wars and the oil crises. The emphasis shifted towards self-reliance (Atmanirbharta) and import substitution. The Green Revolution (mid-1960s) brought about significant increases in food grain production, but also led to regional imbalances and increased rural inequality. The nationalization of banks in 1969 aimed to extend credit to priority sectors and promote social banking. However, bureaucratic inefficiencies and corruption hampered the effectiveness of planning.
Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (1991 onwards)
The economic crisis of 1991 forced India to adopt a new economic policy, characterized by liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG). This involved dismantling the License Raj, reducing tariffs, and opening up the economy to foreign investment. The focus shifted from state-led development to market-driven growth. While economic growth accelerated, concerns arose regarding rising inequality, unemployment, and the marginalization of vulnerable sections of society. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) aimed to decentralize planning and empower local bodies (Panchayats and Municipalities).
NITI Aayog and Beyond
In 2015, the NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission, signaling a shift towards a more flexible and decentralized approach to planning. NITI Aayog focuses on collaborative and competitive federalism, promoting state-led development and innovation. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by India in 2015 provide a framework for inclusive and sustainable development. However, challenges remain in achieving these goals, including addressing climate change, reducing poverty, and ensuring social justice.
Sociological Impacts and Critiques
Developmental planning in India has had profound sociological consequences. While it has led to improvements in literacy, healthcare, and infrastructure, it has also exacerbated social inequalities. The benefits of growth have not been evenly distributed, with marginalized communities often left behind. The displacement of populations due to development projects has created social unrest and environmental degradation. The emphasis on economic growth has sometimes come at the expense of social and cultural values.
| Phase | Key Features | Sociological Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Nehruvian Era | Centralized planning, emphasis on heavy industry, PSUs | Reduced regional disparities (limited), increased state capacity |
| 1965-1980 | Self-reliance, Green Revolution, nationalization of banks | Increased agricultural production, regional imbalances, rural inequality |
| 1991 onwards | Liberalization, privatization, globalization | Accelerated economic growth, rising inequality, marginalization of vulnerable groups |
Conclusion
Developmental planning in India has been a complex and evolving process, marked by both successes and failures. While the initial socialist model aimed at social justice and equitable distribution, it suffered from inefficiencies and bureaucratic hurdles. The liberalization era brought about economic growth but also exacerbated inequalities. The current approach, embodied by NITI Aayog, emphasizes state-led development and sustainability. Moving forward, a more inclusive and participatory planning process is needed, one that prioritizes social justice, environmental protection, and the empowerment of marginalized communities to ensure truly sustainable and equitable development.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.