UPSC MainsENGLISH-LITERATURE-PAPER-II202210 Marks150 Words
Q17.

How terrible it would have been...to have lived and died as one had been born, unnecessary and unaccommodated.” How does this sentence throw light upon the troubled mind of the protagonist in A House for Mr. Biswas?

How to Approach

This question requires a close reading of V.S. Naipaul’s *A House for Mr. Biswas* and an understanding of the protagonist’s existential anxieties. The answer should focus on how the quoted sentence encapsulates Biswas’s lifelong feeling of superfluity and lack of belonging. It should explore his struggle for self-definition against the constraints of his family and society. The structure should involve explaining the context of the sentence within the novel, analyzing its key themes, and illustrating how it reflects Biswas’s internal turmoil.

Model Answer

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Introduction

V.S. Naipaul’s *A House for Mr. Biswas* is a poignant exploration of identity, belonging, and the human desire for autonomy. Mohun Biswas, the protagonist, spends his life searching for a space – both physical and metaphorical – where he can truly exist as an individual. The sentence, “How terrible it would have been...to have lived and died as one had been born, unnecessary and unaccommodated,” is a pivotal moment of self-awareness for Biswas, revealing the depth of his fear of a life devoid of meaning and self-determination. It encapsulates his lifelong struggle against the forces that threaten to render him insignificant.

The Context of Existential Dread

The sentence arises during a moment of introspection for Biswas, reflecting on the precariousness of his existence and the potential for a life wasted within the suffocating confines of the Tulsi family. He recognizes the horror of being merely a passive recipient of fate, defined solely by his lineage and societal expectations. This fear isn’t simply about physical discomfort; it’s a profound existential anxiety about the meaninglessness of life if one lacks agency and a sense of self.

‘Unnecessary’ and the Search for Purpose

The word “unnecessary” is central to understanding Biswas’s troubled mind. He feels consistently superfluous, a burden on others, and lacking a defined role in the world. This feeling stems from his early life, marked by a sense of inadequacy and his father’s early death. He desperately seeks a purpose, initially through employment and later through the pursuit of his own house – a symbol of independence and self-worth. His repeated failures and disappointments only amplify this sense of being ‘unnecessary’.

‘Unaccommodated’ and the Struggle for Belonging

“Unaccommodated” highlights Biswas’s inability to find a place where he truly belongs. He is perpetually an outsider, never fully accepted by the Tulsi family despite his marriage to Shama. He attempts to integrate into various communities – as a reporter, a schoolteacher, and a sign painter – but always feels alienated and unable to establish lasting connections. This lack of accommodation extends beyond physical space; it represents his inability to find emotional and intellectual fulfillment.

The House as a Counter to the Sentence

Biswas’s relentless pursuit of a house can be interpreted as a direct response to this fear. The house represents a space where he can define himself on his own terms, free from the control of others. It’s a tangible manifestation of his desire to be ‘accommodated’ – not by others, but by himself. However, even the achievement of his dream house is bittersweet, as it comes late in life and is ultimately overshadowed by his illness and death.

The Broader Themes of Colonialism and Identity

The sentence also resonates with the broader themes of colonialism and identity in the novel. Biswas, as a descendant of indentured laborers in Trinidad, embodies the anxieties of a displaced population struggling to forge a new identity in a foreign land. His feeling of being ‘unnecessary’ can be seen as a reflection of the marginalization and dispossession experienced by many postcolonial subjects. He is caught between cultures, belonging fully to neither.

Biswas’s Internal Conflict

Throughout the novel, Biswas is torn between a desire for independence and a need for security. He craves autonomy but is also drawn to the comfort and stability offered by the Tulsi family. This internal conflict contributes to his perpetual dissatisfaction and reinforces his sense of being ‘unaccommodated’. The sentence reveals the culmination of this struggle, a moment of stark realization that his life could easily have been one of quiet desperation.

Conclusion

The quoted sentence serves as a powerful distillation of Mohun Biswas’s existential anxieties and his lifelong quest for self-definition. It reveals his profound fear of a life lived without purpose or belonging, a fear that drives his relentless pursuit of a house and a sense of individual identity. Ultimately, the sentence underscores the tragic irony of Biswas’s existence – a life spent striving for accommodation, yet perpetually haunted by the possibility of being ‘unnecessary and unaccommodated’.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Existentialism
A philosophical theory emphasizing individual freedom, responsibility, and subjectivity. It often explores themes of meaninglessness, alienation, and the search for authentic existence.
Postcolonial Literature
Literature written after the period of colonialism, often exploring themes of identity, displacement, and the legacy of colonial rule.

Key Statistics

Approximately 143,878 Indian indentured laborers arrived in Trinidad and Tobago between 1845 and 1917.

Source: National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago (as of 2023)

Trinidad and Tobago gained independence from the United Kingdom on August 31, 1962.

Source: Historical records of Trinidad and Tobago (as of 2023)

Examples

The Significance of the House

The repeated failures in Biswas’s attempts to secure a stable home – from the dilapidated shack to the various rented accommodations – symbolize his broader struggles with establishing a secure identity and sense of belonging.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does Shama’s character contribute to Biswas’s sense of alienation?

Shama, while loving, is largely submissive to the Tulsi family and unable to fully support Biswas’s desire for independence. Her acceptance of their traditions and authority reinforces his feeling of being an outsider.

Topics Covered

LiteratureNovelNaipaulNovel AnalysisCharacter