Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Globalization, defined as the increasing interconnectedness of nations through trade, investment, and cultural exchange, has been profoundly shaped by advancements in new technology. These technologies, ranging from the internet and mobile communication to biotechnology and artificial intelligence, have accelerated the pace of globalization. However, this process unfolds against a backdrop of increasing resource scarcity – limited availability of essential resources like water, land, minerals, and energy. India, with its large population, rapid economic growth, and unique developmental challenges, is particularly vulnerable to the interplay between these forces. The nation’s pursuit of economic progress while navigating resource constraints necessitates a careful examination of this relationship.
Impact on Agriculture
Globalization and technology have significantly altered Indian agriculture. The Green Revolution (1960s-1980s) introduced high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice, reliant on chemical fertilizers and irrigation – increasing production but also depleting groundwater resources. Precision farming techniques, enabled by GPS, remote sensing, and data analytics, offer potential for optimizing resource use (water, fertilizers) and increasing yields sustainably. However, access to these technologies remains uneven, favoring larger farmers and exacerbating inequalities. Furthermore, the focus on cash crops for export, driven by globalization, can divert land and water resources away from food security needs.
- Positive Impacts: Increased productivity through HYVs, precision farming, improved irrigation techniques.
- Negative Impacts: Groundwater depletion, soil degradation, shift towards water-intensive crops, increased dependence on external inputs.
Impact on Manufacturing
Globalization has spurred the growth of India’s manufacturing sector, particularly in industries like automobiles, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. New technologies like automation, robotics, and 3D printing are increasing efficiency and reducing waste in manufacturing processes. However, these technologies also require significant energy and raw material inputs. The ‘Make in India’ initiative (2014) aims to boost domestic manufacturing, but its success hinges on sustainable resource management. The sector faces challenges related to e-waste management, pollution, and the demand for rare earth minerals used in electronics.
The rise of Industry 4.0, characterized by cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing, presents both opportunities and challenges. While it can optimize resource utilization and enhance productivity, it also necessitates a skilled workforce and robust digital infrastructure.
Impact on Energy
India’s energy demand is rapidly increasing, driven by economic growth and population expansion. Globalization has facilitated the transfer of energy technologies, including renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. New technologies like smart grids, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles are crucial for transitioning to a sustainable energy future. However, the reliance on fossil fuels remains significant, contributing to air pollution and climate change. The International Solar Alliance (ISA), initiated by India in 2015, aims to promote solar energy adoption globally, addressing both energy security and environmental concerns.
| Resource | Impact of Globalization & Technology |
|---|---|
| Water | Increased demand for irrigation, industrial use, and domestic consumption; technology offers solutions like drip irrigation and water recycling. |
| Land | Competition for land between agriculture, industry, and urbanization; technology enables vertical farming and efficient land use planning. |
| Energy | Rising energy demand; technology facilitates renewable energy adoption and energy efficiency. |
| Minerals | Increased demand for raw materials in manufacturing and infrastructure; technology promotes material recycling and alternative materials. |
Challenges and Mitigation
Despite the potential benefits, globalization and technology also pose challenges in managing scarce resources. Increased consumption patterns, driven by globalization, exacerbate resource depletion. The digital divide limits access to technologies for marginalized communities. Environmental regulations and enforcement mechanisms need to be strengthened to prevent pollution and unsustainable resource extraction. Promoting circular economy principles – reducing, reusing, and recycling – is crucial for minimizing waste and maximizing resource efficiency. Investing in research and development of sustainable technologies is also essential.
Conclusion
The relationship between globalization, new technology, and resource scarcity in India is complex and dynamic. While globalization and technology offer tools to address resource challenges, their benefits are not automatic and require proactive policies and investments. A sustainable development pathway for India necessitates a balanced approach that leverages technology for resource efficiency, promotes equitable access, and prioritizes environmental protection. Moving forward, India must focus on fostering innovation in green technologies, strengthening resource governance, and promoting responsible consumption patterns to ensure a secure and sustainable future.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.