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UPSC MainsGENERAL-STUDIES-PAPER-IV202210 Marks150 Words
Q19.

Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case.

How to Approach

This question requires a nuanced understanding of ethical principles and their application to a hypothetical case, which is missing. Therefore, the answer will adopt a generalized approach, outlining common ethical issues that frequently arise in governance and public service, and framing the response as if analyzing a typical administrative dilemma. The answer will focus on principles like integrity, impartiality, accountability, and transparency. A structure of identifying stakeholders, conflicting values, and potential consequences will be followed.

Model Answer

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Introduction

Ethics in public service are paramount for maintaining public trust and ensuring good governance. Ethical dilemmas frequently arise when public officials are confronted with situations where adhering to one ethical principle may compromise another. These situations often involve conflicts of interest, abuse of power, or a lack of transparency. The absence of a specific case necessitates a discussion of common ethical issues encountered by public servants, focusing on principles enshrined in the Code of Conduct for Central Civil Services and the broader constitutional framework. A robust ethical framework is crucial for navigating these complexities and upholding the integrity of the administrative system.

Identifying Common Ethical Issues

Several ethical issues frequently surface in public administration. These can be broadly categorized as follows:

  • Conflict of Interest: This arises when a public official’s personal interests clash with their official duties. For example, a government officer approving a contract where their family member has a stake.
  • Abuse of Power: This involves using one’s official position for personal gain or to harm others. This can manifest as favoritism, nepotism, or harassment.
  • Lack of Transparency: Secrecy and a lack of openness in decision-making can breed corruption and erode public trust. The Right to Information Act, 2005, aims to address this.
  • Corruption: The misuse of public office for private gain, encompassing bribery, embezzlement, and other forms of illicit enrichment.
  • Impartiality and Non-Discrimination: Public servants are expected to treat all citizens equally, regardless of their caste, religion, gender, or socioeconomic status.
  • Accountability and Responsibility: Officials must be held accountable for their actions and decisions, and take responsibility for any wrongdoing.

Stakeholder Analysis and Conflicting Values

In any ethical dilemma, identifying the stakeholders and their respective values is crucial. Stakeholders typically include:

  • The Public: Their interests lie in efficient, transparent, and equitable governance.
  • The Government: Its values include maintaining law and order, promoting economic development, and upholding the constitution.
  • The Public Servant: Their values include integrity, honesty, and professional competence.
  • Other Affected Parties: Individuals or groups directly impacted by the decision.

Often, these values conflict. For instance, a decision that benefits the public may negatively impact a specific group, or a commitment to transparency may compromise national security. The challenge lies in balancing these competing interests.

Applying Ethical Frameworks

Several ethical frameworks can guide decision-making:

  • Utilitarianism: Choosing the option that maximizes overall happiness and minimizes harm.
  • Deontology: Adhering to moral duties and principles, regardless of the consequences.
  • Virtue Ethics: Focusing on developing good character traits, such as honesty, courage, and compassion.

The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2008) emphasized the need for a strong ethical framework in public service, recommending measures to promote integrity, accountability, and transparency. The Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964 provide a code of conduct for government employees, outlining expected standards of behavior.

Consequences of Ethical Lapses

Ethical lapses can have severe consequences:

  • Erosion of Public Trust: Corruption and misconduct undermine public confidence in government.
  • Economic Costs: Corruption diverts resources from essential services and hinders economic development.
  • Social Instability: Inequality and injustice can lead to social unrest and conflict.
  • Legal Penalties: Public officials found guilty of corruption or misconduct can face criminal prosecution and imprisonment.

The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 provides a legal framework for combating corruption in India.

The Role of Institutions

Strengthening institutions is vital for promoting ethical governance. This includes:

  • Independent Judiciary: Ensuring impartial justice and holding public officials accountable.
  • Vigilance Commission: Investigating allegations of corruption and recommending disciplinary action.
  • Lokpal and Lokayuktas: Ombudsman institutions tasked with investigating complaints against public officials.
  • Media and Civil Society: Playing a crucial role in exposing corruption and promoting transparency.

Conclusion

Addressing ethical issues in public service requires a multi-faceted approach encompassing strong legal frameworks, robust institutions, and a culture of integrity. Promoting ethical awareness through training and education, coupled with effective enforcement mechanisms, is essential. Ultimately, ethical governance is not merely about adhering to rules and regulations, but about fostering a commitment to public service and upholding the highest standards of conduct. A continuous focus on ethical principles is crucial for building a just and equitable society.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

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Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Integrity
The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness.
Nepotism
The practice of showing favouritism to relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.

Key Statistics

India ranked 85 out of 180 countries in Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index 2023.

Source: Transparency International (2023)

According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the number of cases registered under the Prevention of Corruption Act increased by 22.8% in 2022 compared to 2021.

Source: NCRB (2022)

Examples

The 2G Spectrum Scam

A major corruption scandal in India involving the allocation of 2G mobile spectrum licenses, resulting in significant financial losses to the government and raising serious ethical concerns about the conduct of public officials.

Frequently Asked Questions

▶What is the role of the Lokpal in addressing ethical issues?

The Lokpal is an ombudsman institution established to investigate complaints against public officials, including ministers and MPs, and to recommend appropriate action. It aims to promote transparency and accountability in governance.

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