How can parents use reinforcement contingencies to manage their children's aggressive behaviour?

Understanding Reinforcement Contingencies

Reinforcement contingencies refer to the relationship between a behaviour and the consequence that follows it. This relationship determines whether the behaviour is likely to be repeated. There are two main types of reinforcement:

• Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behaviour. For example, praising a child for calmly resolving a conflict instead of hitting.
• Negative Reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behaviour. For example, stopping a nagging request when a child starts to share toys with a sibling.

Applying Reinforcement to Manage Aggressive Behaviour

Parents can utilize reinforcement contingencies to manage aggressive behaviour in several ways:

1. Differential Reinforcement

This involves reinforcing behaviours that are incompatible with aggression, while withholding reinforcement for aggressive acts. Several types exist:

• DRI (Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviour): Reinforcing a behaviour that *cannot* occur simultaneously with aggression. For instance, rewarding a child for playing quietly when they typically engage in aggressive play.
• DRA (Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviour): Reinforcing a behaviour that serves the same function as aggression, but is more socially acceptable. If a child hits when frustrated, reinforce them for verbally expressing their frustration.
• DRO (Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviour): Reinforcing the absence of aggression for a specific period. For example, giving a reward if the child remains calm for 15 minutes.

2. Token Economy Systems

A token economy involves awarding tokens (e.g., stickers, points) for desired behaviours (like calm interactions) and allowing the child to exchange these tokens for preferred rewards. This system provides immediate and consistent reinforcement.

3. Positive Reinforcement for Prosocial Behaviour

Actively praising and rewarding prosocial behaviours like sharing, cooperation, and empathy can reduce the motivation for aggressive acts. Specific praise is more effective than general praise (e.g., “I noticed you shared your toys with Sarah, that was very kind” instead of “Good job”).

4. Extinction

While not strictly reinforcement, extinction is often used in conjunction. This involves withholding reinforcement that previously maintained the aggressive behaviour. For example, ignoring minor tantrums (provided the child is safe) can reduce their frequency. However, extinction bursts (temporary increase in behaviour) are common and require parental consistency.

Considerations for Effective Implementation

Successful implementation requires careful planning and consistency:

• Identify the Function of the Behaviour: Understand *why* the child is being aggressive (e.g., attention-seeking, escape from demands, access to tangible items).
• Consistency is Key: Reinforcement must be applied consistently across all caregivers and settings.
• Immediate Reinforcement: Reinforcement is most effective when delivered immediately after the desired behaviour.
• Individualized Approach: Rewards should be tailored to the child’s preferences.
• Avoid Punishments: While punishments can suppress behaviour, they don’t teach alternative behaviours and can have negative side effects. Focus on reinforcement.

Example: A 5-year-old child frequently hits his peers when they take his toys. A parent could implement a DRA system, reinforcing the child for *asking* for the toy back instead of hitting. Each time the child asks appropriately, they receive praise and a small reward (e.g., a sticker). Hitting results in no attention and a brief redirection.