Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Certified seeds are the bedrock of a robust agricultural system, ensuring farmers access high-quality planting material with predictable performance. They undergo rigorous testing and quality control measures, guaranteeing genetic purity, germination rates, and freedom from seed-borne diseases. The Seed Act, 1966, and subsequent amendments, along with the rules framed thereunder, regulate the production and sale of certified seeds in India. The importance of certified seeds is underscored by the government’s push for increased agricultural productivity and food security, particularly in the context of climate change and evolving farmer needs.
What are Certified Seeds?
Certified seeds are seeds that have been produced and processed under stringent quality control procedures, ensuring they meet specific standards for genetic purity, physical purity, and germination. They are a vital link in the agricultural value chain, directly impacting crop yield and quality.
Requirements for Production of Certified Seeds
The production of certified seeds involves a multi-stage process overseen by the Seed Certification Agency (SCA), a statutory body under the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India.
1. Pre-Production Requirements
- Source of Seed: The initial seed source (breeder seed or foundation seed) must be obtained from authorized sources – typically, public sector research institutions or approved private companies.
- Field History: A detailed record of the field’s history is maintained to ensure it is free from seed-borne diseases and weeds. Fields used for certified seed production should not have grown the same crop for at least two years.
- Isolation Distance: Sufficient isolation distance from other fields of the same crop is mandatory to prevent cross-pollination and maintain genetic purity. The required distance varies based on the crop and pollination method.
2. Production Phase
- Inspection: The field undergoes regular inspections by SCA officials to ensure compliance with prescribed practices, including rouging (removal) of off-type plants and weed control.
- Record Keeping: Detailed records of all activities, including planting, rouging, and pesticide/fertilizer application, are maintained.
- Pollination Control: For self-pollinated crops (e.g., wheat, rice), natural pollination is encouraged. For cross-pollinated crops (e.g., maize, sunflower), controlled pollination techniques are employed.
3. Post-Harvest Processing
- Cleaning and Grading: Seeds are thoroughly cleaned to remove impurities and graded based on size and quality.
- Drying: Proper drying ensures seed viability and prevents deterioration.
- Seed Treatment: Seeds may be treated with fungicides or insecticides to protect against seed-borne diseases and pests.
4. Quality Control and Testing
- Germination Testing: Seed germination percentage is tested to ensure viability.
- Purity Testing: Physical purity (freedom from weed seeds and other impurities) and genetic purity are assessed.
- Seed-borne Disease Testing: Seeds are tested for the presence of seed-borne diseases.
Summary Table: Stages of Certified Seed Production
| Stage | Key Requirements |
|---|---|
| Pre-Production | Source verification, field history, isolation distance |
| Production | Field inspection, record-keeping, pollination control |
| Post-Harvest | Cleaning, grading, drying, seed treatment |
| Quality Control | Germination, purity, and disease testing |
Significance
The certified seed system ensures farmers receive quality seeds, contributing to higher yields, improved crop quality, and reduced risks associated with crop failures. It also promotes the adoption of improved varieties and sustainable agricultural practices.
Conclusion
The production of certified seeds is a complex process demanding meticulous adherence to established protocols. The Seed Certification Agency plays a pivotal role in ensuring these standards are met, safeguarding the quality of seeds available to farmers. Strengthening this system is crucial for enhancing agricultural productivity, promoting farmer prosperity, and contributing to national food security. Continuous improvement in quality control measures and promoting awareness among farmers about the benefits of certified seeds remain paramount.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.