Tribes are backward Hindus." Critically comment with reference to the contributions of G. S. Ghurye.

G.S. Ghurye’s Perspective: The Hinduization of Tribes

G.S. Ghurye, influenced by the prevalent structural-functionalist approach, proposed that Indian tribes were not fundamentally different from the rest of the Hindu population. He argued that tribal cultures were essentially ‘primitive’ forms of Hindu culture, and that tribal societies were in a process of ‘Hinduization’ – a gradual adoption of Hindu customs, beliefs, and social practices. This process, according to Ghurye, involved the incorporation of tribal deities into the Hindu pantheon, the adoption of caste-like social stratification, and the acceptance of Brahmanical rituals.

Key Arguments of Ghurye

• Common Cultural Traits: Ghurye emphasized the shared cultural elements between tribes and Hindus, such as the reverence for cows, belief in karma and rebirth, and the practice of ancestor worship.
• Hinduization as a Process: He posited that tribes were continuously undergoing a process of Sanskritization, whereby they adopted the cultural traits of the higher castes, leading to their integration into the Hindu social order.
• Absence of Distinct Tribal Identity: Ghurye believed that tribes lacked a distinct cultural identity separate from Hinduism, viewing their unique customs as variations within the broader Hindu framework.
• Geographical Contiguity: He highlighted the geographical proximity and continuous interaction between tribal and non-tribal populations as facilitating the process of Hinduization.

Evidence Used by Ghurye

Ghurye supported his arguments by citing examples of tribal deities being identified with Hindu gods, the adoption of Hindu festivals, and the emergence of caste-like hierarchies within tribal communities. He also pointed to the role of Brahmanical priests and the spread of Hindu religious literature in influencing tribal beliefs and practices.

Critique of Ghurye’s Perspective

Ghurye’s thesis has been widely criticized by subsequent anthropologists and sociologists for its inherent biases and its failure to adequately recognize the distinct cultural identities of tribal communities. Several key criticisms are outlined below:

Limitations and Counter-Arguments

• Ignoring Tribal Specificity: Critics argue that Ghurye’s focus on similarities overlooked the unique cultural traits, languages, social organizations, and belief systems of different tribes. Each tribe possesses a distinct history and cultural trajectory.
• The Problem of ‘Backwardness’: The term ‘backward’ itself is problematic, implying a linear progression towards a ‘civilized’ state, with Hinduism as the ultimate goal. This perspective is ethnocentric and devalues tribal cultures.
• Agency of Tribes: Ghurye’s model portrays tribes as passive recipients of Hindu influence, neglecting their agency in selectively adopting or rejecting elements of Hindu culture. Tribes actively negotiate their relationship with the dominant society.
• Colonial Influence: Some scholars argue that Ghurye’s work was influenced by colonial perspectives that sought to categorize and control tribal populations by fitting them into existing administrative frameworks.
• Alternative Theories: Scholars like Verrier Elwin proposed alternative theories emphasizing the distinctiveness of tribal cultures and the importance of protecting their autonomy. Elwin advocated for a ‘National Development of Tribal Culture’ rather than assimilation.

The Concept of Sanskritization Revisited

While Ghurye’s concept of Sanskritization has been influential, it has also been refined and critiqued. M.N. Srinivas, who popularized the term, acknowledged that it was a complex process involving both adoption and adaptation of cultural traits. However, critics argue that Sanskritization often leads to the loss of tribal identity and the reinforcement of caste hierarchies.

Contemporary Understanding

Today, there is a greater recognition of the diversity and complexity of tribal societies in India. Anthropological research emphasizes the importance of understanding tribal cultures on their own terms, rather than viewing them through the lens of Hinduism. The Constitution of India recognizes tribes as distinct communities with specific rights and protections, acknowledging their unique vulnerabilities and cultural heritage. (Article 366(25) defines Scheduled Tribes)

Perspective	Key Features
G.S. Ghurye	Tribes are backward Hindus undergoing Hinduization; emphasis on shared cultural traits.
Verrier Elwin	Tribes possess distinct cultures that should be protected; advocated for tribal autonomy.
Contemporary Anthropology	Focus on understanding tribal cultures on their own terms; recognition of tribal diversity and agency.