Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The Green Revolution, initiated in the 1960s, marked a pivotal moment in India’s agricultural history. Driven by the need to address widespread food shortages and famine, it involved the development and adoption of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice, coupled with increased use of fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides. This period witnessed a paradigm shift from traditional farming practices to a more industrialized approach, aiming to significantly boost food grain production. While initially focused on Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, its influence gradually spread across the country, fundamentally altering the landscape of Indian agriculture.
Impact on Production
The Green Revolution led to a dramatic increase in food grain production. Before the Green Revolution, India was heavily reliant on imports, particularly under the PL-480 program from the US. However, the introduction of HYVs, particularly of wheat, resulted in a substantial surge in output.
- Wheat Production: Wheat production increased from 11 million tonnes in 1960-61 to 75.81 million tonnes in 2022-23 (as per the Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, GoI).
- Rice Production: Rice production also witnessed significant growth, rising from 35.3 million tonnes in 1960-61 to 130.30 million tonnes in 2022-23.
- Reduced Import Dependence: India transitioned from a food-deficit nation to a food-surplus nation, reducing its dependence on imports and achieving self-sufficiency in food grains.
Impact on Productivity
The Green Revolution not only increased overall production but also significantly enhanced productivity – the output per unit of land. This was primarily due to the adoption of HYVs, which had a higher yield potential compared to traditional varieties.
- Yield per Hectare: The average yield of wheat increased from 850 kg/hectare in 1960-61 to 3682 kg/hectare in 2022-23. Similarly, the average yield of rice increased from 1300 kg/hectare to 3404 kg/hectare during the same period.
- Technological Advancements: The use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation technologies further contributed to increased productivity.
- Multiple Cropping: The Green Revolution facilitated the adoption of multiple cropping systems, allowing farmers to grow more than one crop per year, thereby increasing overall productivity.
Regional Disparities and Negative Impacts
Despite its successes, the Green Revolution was not without its drawbacks and created regional disparities.
- Regional Imbalance: The benefits of the Green Revolution were largely concentrated in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, which had better irrigation facilities and access to resources. Eastern India, with its limited irrigation infrastructure, lagged behind.
- Environmental Concerns: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides led to soil degradation, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity.
- Water Depletion: Intensive irrigation practices resulted in the depletion of groundwater resources in several regions, particularly in Punjab and Haryana.
- Socio-Economic Issues: Increased mechanization led to displacement of agricultural labor and increased income inequality.
Evolution and Subsequent Initiatives
Recognizing the limitations of the initial Green Revolution, subsequent initiatives have focused on addressing these issues.
- Evergreen Revolution (2007): Focused on sustainable agriculture, promoting organic farming, and improving soil health.
- Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Aims to enhance irrigation efficiency and expand irrigation coverage.
- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Promotes organic farming and sustainable agricultural practices.
| Aspect | Before Green Revolution | After Green Revolution |
|---|---|---|
| Wheat Production | 11 million tonnes (1960-61) | 75.81 million tonnes (2022-23) |
| Rice Production | 35.3 million tonnes (1960-61) | 130.30 million tonnes (2022-23) |
| Wheat Yield (kg/ha) | 850 | 3682 |
| Rice Yield (kg/ha) | 1300 | 3404 |
Conclusion
The Green Revolution was undeniably a watershed moment in Indian agriculture, averting widespread famine and establishing food security. However, its success came at a cost, including regional disparities and environmental degradation. Current agricultural policies are increasingly focused on addressing these challenges through sustainable practices, efficient water management, and promoting inclusive growth. A second Green Revolution, focused on ecological balance and equitable distribution, is crucial for ensuring long-term food security and rural prosperity in India.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.