UPSC MainsENGLISH-LITERATURE-PAPER-II202310 Marks150 Words
Q3.

Question 3

He was married and added five children to the population Which our Eugenist says was the right number for a parent of his generation And our teachers report that he never interfered with their education. Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd : Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.

How to Approach

This poem presents a chilling critique of societal conformity and the suppression of individuality. The question asks us to analyze the poem's portrayal of freedom and happiness, or rather, the *lack* thereof. The approach should focus on deconstructing the seemingly positive surface presented – a man fulfilling societal expectations – to reveal the underlying emptiness and lack of genuine experience. We need to highlight the irony and the poem’s commentary on a life lived solely to meet external standards. The answer should demonstrate an understanding of poetic devices like irony and understatement.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The provided excerpt is a stark commentary on the societal pressures to conform and the potential for a life devoid of genuine feeling despite outward appearances of success. The poem presents a man who has fulfilled conventional expectations – marriage, procreation, and non-interference with his children’s education – yet questions whether he is truly ‘free’ or ‘happy’. The poem’s power lies in its understated tone and the chilling implication that the absence of complaint is not evidence of contentment, but rather of complete subjugation to societal norms. It challenges the very definition of a ‘good’ life, suggesting that adherence to expectations doesn’t equate to fulfillment.

The poem’s central irony resides in the contrast between the man’s seemingly ‘successful’ life and the pointed questioning of his freedom and happiness. He has met all the criteria set by the ‘Eugenist’ and ‘teachers’ – representatives of societal control – yet the speaker deems the questions of his well-being ‘absurd’.

Deconstructing Societal Expectations

The poem subtly critiques the eugenicist perspective, highlighting the dehumanizing tendency to quantify human worth based on reproductive output. The ‘right number’ of children is determined not by individual desire or family needs, but by a detached, scientific calculation. This immediately establishes a context of control and manipulation.

The Absence of Complaint as a Sign of Oppression

The most disturbing line is: “Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.” This isn’t a statement of reassurance, but a chilling observation. The lack of protest isn’t interpreted as contentment, but as evidence of complete suppression. The man is so thoroughly integrated into the system that he is incapable of even registering dissatisfaction, let alone expressing it. This suggests a profound loss of self.

The Role of Authority Figures

  • The ‘Eugenist’ represents scientific control and the imposition of societal ideals regarding reproduction.
  • The ‘teachers’ symbolize the educational system’s role in shaping individuals to fit predetermined molds.
  • The fact that he ‘never interfered with their education’ isn’t praise, but an indication of his complete passivity and acceptance of authority.

Poetic Devices and Their Impact

The poem’s effectiveness stems from its use of understatement and irony. The seemingly innocuous description of the man’s life is juxtaposed with the unsettling questions about his inner state. The rhetorical questions – “Was he free? Was he happy?” – are not meant to be answered, but to provoke reflection on the nature of freedom and happiness in a conformist society.

The poem doesn’t offer a direct condemnation, but rather presents a disturbing scenario that forces the reader to confront the potential consequences of prioritizing societal expectations over individual fulfillment. The poem’s power lies in its ambiguity and its ability to resonate with anxieties about conformity and the loss of autonomy.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the poem is a powerful indictment of a society that prioritizes conformity and control over individual well-being. The man’s ‘successful’ life is revealed to be a hollow existence, devoid of genuine freedom or happiness. The chilling implication is that the absence of complaint is not a sign of contentment, but of complete subjugation. The poem serves as a cautionary tale, urging us to question the values and expectations that shape our lives and to strive for a more authentic and meaningful existence.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Eugenics
The discredited social philosophy advocating for the improvement of human genetic qualities through selective breeding and sterilization. Popular in the early 20th century, it was based on flawed scientific premises and often used to justify discrimination and oppression.

Key Statistics

According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), approximately 222 million women in developing countries who want to avoid pregnancy lack access to modern contraceptive methods (2023).

Source: UNFPA, State of World Population Report 2023

A 2020 study by Pew Research Center found that 68% of Americans believe that society is more pressured now than in the past to conform to certain social norms.

Source: Pew Research Center, 2020

Examples

The Stanford Prison Experiment

This 1971 psychological study demonstrated how readily individuals conform to assigned social roles, even when those roles are harmful or unethical. Participants assigned as ‘guards’ quickly adopted authoritarian behaviors, while those assigned as ‘prisoners’ became submissive and distressed, illustrating the power of situational forces to override individual personality.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the significance of the poem's understated tone?

The understated tone amplifies the poem's chilling effect. By presenting the scenario in a matter-of-fact manner, the poet avoids melodrama and allows the disturbing implications to speak for themselves. This creates a more unsettling and thought-provoking experience for the reader.