Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
‘Regionness’ refers to a sense of collective identity and shared purpose among states within a geographical region, fostering cooperation and integration. South Asia, despite its geographical proximity and shared historical and cultural ties, exhibits a significant lack of ‘regionness’ compared to other regions like the European Union or ASEAN. This deficiency stems from a complex interplay of historical animosities, political rivalries, economic inequalities, and the persistent influence of external powers. The region’s potential for collective growth and stability remains largely unrealized due to these deeply entrenched challenges.
Historical and Political Factors
The partition of British India in 1947 left a legacy of deep-seated distrust and conflict between India and Pakistan, which continues to dominate regional dynamics. This rivalry has extended to other areas, including Afghanistan, and has hindered the development of a cohesive regional identity.
- Kashmir Dispute: The unresolved Kashmir issue remains a major flashpoint, fueling tensions and preventing meaningful cooperation.
- Indo-Pak Wars (1947-48, 1965, 1971, Kargil 1999): These conflicts have solidified mutual suspicion and diverted resources away from regional development.
- Sri Lankan Civil War (1983-2009): External intervention and regional complexities surrounding the conflict further fragmented the region.
Economic Disparities and Trade Barriers
Significant economic disparities exist among South Asian nations. India’s dominant economic position often overshadows the smaller economies, creating imbalances in trade and investment.
- Trade Imbalance: Intra-regional trade in South Asia remains remarkably low, estimated at around 5% of total trade, compared to over 60% in the EU. (World Bank, 2020 - knowledge cutoff)
- Non-Tariff Barriers: Numerous non-tariff barriers, such as complex customs procedures and bureaucratic hurdles, impede trade flows.
- Lack of Infrastructure: Inadequate infrastructure, including transportation networks and energy supplies, hinders regional connectivity.
The Role of Extra-Regional Actors
The involvement of external powers, such as China, the United States, and Russia, has often exacerbated regional tensions and undermined efforts towards greater integration.
- Great Power Competition: Competition between these powers for influence in the region has led to a focus on bilateral relationships rather than collective regional initiatives.
- China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): While offering infrastructure development, BRI has also raised concerns about debt sustainability and strategic dependence.
- US Engagement: US security alliances with some South Asian nations have sometimes been perceived as contributing to regional imbalances.
Weakness of Regional Institutions
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), established in 1985, has been plagued by political disagreements and a lack of effective implementation.
- SAARC’s Limitations: SAARC has struggled to address key regional challenges, such as terrorism, water sharing, and climate change, due to political sensitivities.
- Suspension of SAARC Summits: The suspension of SAARC summits since 2016 due to political tensions demonstrates the organization’s fragility.
- Alternative Forums: The emergence of alternative forums like BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) reflects a desire for more pragmatic regional cooperation.
Societal Factors
Beyond state-level issues, a lack of people-to-people contact and limited cultural exchange contribute to the absence of a strong regional identity. Nationalist narratives often overshadow shared cultural heritage.
Conclusion
The lack of ‘regionness’ in South Asia is a multifaceted problem rooted in historical conflicts, economic disparities, geopolitical competition, and institutional weaknesses. Overcoming these challenges requires a shift towards greater trust-building, enhanced economic cooperation, and a more inclusive approach to regional governance. Strengthening SAARC or exploring alternative regional frameworks, coupled with increased people-to-people contact, is crucial for fostering a stronger sense of collective identity and realizing the region’s full potential. A long-term vision prioritizing shared prosperity and security is essential for building a truly integrated South Asia.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.