Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), formerly known as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), are identified based on specific criteria of pre-agricultural levels of technology, low literacy, and a declining or stagnant population. As of 2023, the government recognizes 75 PVTGs across 18 states in India, representing some of the most marginalized communities. Recognizing their unique vulnerabilities, the government has initiated several welfare measures aimed at their socio-economic upliftment. However, the historical categorization as ‘Primitive’ was inherently problematic, reflecting a colonial and evolutionarily-biased perspective. This answer will critically examine the recent welfare measures and delve into the reasons behind the change in nomenclature from PTGs to PVTGs.
Understanding PVTGs and their Vulnerabilities
PVTGs are characterized by a number of factors that contribute to their vulnerability. These include geographical isolation, limited access to essential services like healthcare and education, dependence on traditional occupations, and socio-economic marginalization. The 2011 Census identified several indicators for determining vulnerability, including health, education, and economic status. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the nodal ministry responsible for the welfare of PVTGs.
Recent Welfare Measures for PVTGs
The Government of India has launched several initiatives to address the specific needs of PVTGs. These can be categorized as follows:
- Constitutional Safeguards: Article 330 & 332 of the Constitution provide for reservation in legislatures. The Fifth and Sixth Schedules address administration and autonomy in tribal areas.
- Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY): Launched in 2018, this scheme focuses on value addition to Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) collected by tribal communities, enhancing their income.
- Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): Established to provide quality education to tribal students, with a focus on preserving their cultural identity. The scheme aims to have one EMRS in every block with a significant tribal population.
- National Fellowship and Scholarship for Students from ST Communities: Provides financial assistance to ST students pursuing higher education.
- TRIFED Initiatives: The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) promotes the economic development of tribal communities through marketing and procurement of NTFPs. TRIFED has been instrumental in connecting PVTGs to national and international markets.
- PVTG Development Plan: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has mandated that District Mineral Foundations (DMFs) allocate funds for the development of PVTGs in mining-affected areas.
- Focus on Healthcare: Initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) aim to improve healthcare access for PVTGs, addressing issues like malnutrition and infant mortality.
Critical Assessment of Welfare Measures
While these measures represent a positive step, several challenges remain. Implementation gaps, lack of awareness among PVTGs, and inadequate infrastructure hinder their effectiveness. For instance, the PMVDY, despite its potential, faces challenges in ensuring fair prices for NTFPs and establishing robust supply chains. Furthermore, the EMRS scheme has faced issues related to teacher recruitment and quality of education. A report by the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) in 2019 highlighted the need for better monitoring and evaluation of these schemes.
The Shift from PTGs to PVTGs: A Historical Perspective
The term ‘Primitive Tribal Groups’ was first used in the context of the 1950s and 1960s, reflecting a colonial mindset that viewed tribal communities as ‘backward’ and ‘uncivilized’. This categorization was based on a linear, evolutionary model of societal development, placing tribal groups at a lower rung of the ladder. The term carried negative connotations, implying a lack of progress and reinforcing stereotypes.
The shift to ‘Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups’ in 2007 was a conscious effort to move away from this problematic terminology. The change was driven by:
- Anthropological Critique: Anthropologists argued that the term ‘primitive’ was ethnocentric and inaccurate, failing to recognize the unique cultural adaptations and resilience of tribal communities.
- Rights-Based Approach: The emphasis shifted towards recognizing the specific vulnerabilities of these groups and ensuring their rights to development and self-determination.
- Constitutional Values: The change aligned with the constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination.
- Recognition of Dynamic Nature of Societies: The term PVTG acknowledges that these groups are not static entities but are constantly adapting to changing socio-economic conditions.
The revised criteria for identifying PVTGs, based on indicators like pre-agricultural technology, low literacy, and declining population, aimed to provide a more objective and nuanced assessment of vulnerability.
| Feature | PTG (Old Term) | PVTG (New Term) |
|---|---|---|
| Connotation | Negative, implying backwardness | Neutral, focusing on vulnerability |
| Theoretical Basis | Evolutionary, linear model of development | Rights-based, recognizing specific challenges |
| Focus | Perceived lack of progress | Specific vulnerabilities and needs |
Conclusion
The welfare measures initiated by the government for PVTGs are a crucial step towards addressing historical injustices and promoting inclusive development. However, effective implementation, coupled with a nuanced understanding of the unique challenges faced by these communities, is paramount. The shift from ‘Primitive Tribal Groups’ to ‘Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups’ reflects a positive evolution in thinking, moving away from ethnocentric labels towards a rights-based approach. Continued monitoring, evaluation, and community participation are essential to ensure that these measures truly empower PVTGs and enable them to lead dignified lives.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.