Analyse James Joyce's interweaving of 'myth' in the narrative of his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.

The Function of Myth in *A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man*

Joyce’s use of myth isn’t about retelling ancient stories; it’s about utilizing the *structure* and *symbolism* of myth to illuminate Stephen’s psychological and artistic development. He employs myth to create parallels and resonances, enriching the narrative with layers of meaning.

Classical and Religious Allusions

• Hellenic Ideal: Stephen’s aesthetic ideals are deeply rooted in classical Greek thought, particularly the concept of *kalos kagathos* – the union of beauty and goodness. This is evident in his admiration for figures like Aristotle and his rejection of the perceived ugliness of Irish society.
• Icarus Myth: The myth of Icarus, who flew too close to the sun and fell to his death, serves as a potent symbol of Stephen’s artistic ambition and the potential dangers of unchecked pride. Stephen consciously identifies with Icarus, recognizing the risks inherent in his pursuit of artistic freedom.
• The Eucharist and Transubstantiation: Joyce frequently employs imagery related to the Eucharist, particularly the concept of transubstantiation, to explore themes of spiritual transformation and artistic creation. Stephen sees the artist as a kind of spiritual priest, transforming the mundane into the sublime through the power of language.

Myth as Structural Framework

Joyce doesn’t simply insert mythological references; he structures the novel around archetypal patterns found in myth. Stephen’s journey can be seen as a variation of the hero’s journey, a common motif in mythology. This journey involves separation, initiation, and return, mirroring Stephen’s departure from family, church, and country in pursuit of his artistic vocation.

The Role of Irish Mythology and Folklore

While drawing heavily on classical and religious myths, Joyce also incorporates elements of Irish mythology and folklore. This serves to ground the novel in a specific cultural context and to explore the complexities of Irish identity. The references to Cuchulain, for example, highlight the tension between Stephen’s desire for artistic universality and his attachment to his Irish heritage.

Symbolism and Archetypes

• The Bird Motif: Birds, particularly those in flight, frequently appear in the novel, symbolizing freedom, aspiration, and the artist’s desire to transcend earthly limitations.
• Water Imagery: Water represents both purification and danger, reflecting Stephen’s ambivalent relationship with the Catholic Church and his own sexuality.
• The Sea: The sea symbolizes the vastness of the unknown and the artist’s potential for creative exploration.

Modernist Implications

Joyce’s use of myth is also a key element of his modernist aesthetic. By juxtaposing ancient myths with the mundane realities of early 20th-century Dublin, he creates a sense of fragmentation and alienation, characteristic of the modernist sensibility. The myths provide a sense of order and meaning in a chaotic world, but also highlight the limitations of traditional belief systems.